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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is an atom?
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1. Submicroscopic particles that make up the fundamental building blocks of matter.
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What is a molecule?
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1. Two or more atoms joined in a specific geometric arrangement.
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What is Chemistry?
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1. The science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules.
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What are scientific laws?
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1. summaries past observations and predicts future ones.
2. describe how nature behaves. |
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What is atomic theory?
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1. matter is composed of small, indestructible particles called atoms.
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What is matter?
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1. Anything that takes up space and has mass.
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Crystalline solids are...
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1. atoms or molecules are arranged in patterns with long-range, repeating order.
2. Table Salt, Diamonds |
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Amorphous solids are...
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1. atoms or molecules do not have long-range order.
2. Glass, plastic, charcoal |
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What is a pure substance?
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1. One that is composed of only a single type of atom or molecule.
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Mixture?
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1. substance composed of two or more different types of atoms or molecules that can be combined in variable proportions.
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Compound?
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1. substance composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions.
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Element?
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1. Substance that cannot be chemically broken into smaller/simpler substances.
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What is the difference between physical and chemical changes?
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1. Physical: atoms do not change identity. only change appearance or state.
2. Chemical: Atoms rearrange, transform substance. |
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Physical properties include?
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1. Odor, taste, color, appearance, melting point, boiling point, density.
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Chemical properties include?
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1. Corrosiveness, flammability, acidity, toxicity...
HEAT AND COLOR CHANGE |
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What is energy?
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1. The capacity to do work.
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What is kinetic energy?
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1. Energy associated with motion
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What is potential energy?
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1. Energy associated with position or composition.
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Thermal energy??
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1. Energy associated with temp of an object.
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Second principle of energy?
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1. Systems with high potential energy have a tendency to change in a way that lowers their potential energy.
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What is density?
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1. Ratio of mass to its volume.
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Intensive property?
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1. Independent of the amount of the substance.
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Extensive property?
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1. Dependent on the amount of the substance.
2. Such as mass. |
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What is accuracy?
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1. how close the measured value is to the actual value.
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What is precision?
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1. how close a series of measurements are to one another or how reproducible they are.
2. Shots are all close to eachother, not necessarily on target. |
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What is included in Dalton's Atomic Theory?
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1. Each element is composed of tiny, indestructible particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of given element have same mass and other properties. 3. Atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds. 4. Atoms of one element cannot change into atoms of another element. |
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What is the law of definite proportions?
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1. All samples of a given compound have the same properties of their constituent elements.
2. Combine in the same proportions |
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What is the law of multiple proportions?
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1. When two elements form two different compounds, the masses of element B that combine with 1 g of element A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers.
2. 2.67 g/1.33 g = 2.00 |
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What are electrostatic forces?
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1. Attractive or repulsive forces.
2. Think magnet |
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What is the nuclear theory?
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1. Most of atom's mass and all of its positive charge are contained in a small core called the nucleus.
2. Most of volume is empty space. Electrons dispersed. 3. As many electrons as there are protons in the nucleus. 4. Rutherford |
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What is the AMU (atomic mass unit)?
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1. 1/12 the mass of a carbon atom containing six protons and six neutrons.
2. 1.67 X 10 -27 |
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What does the atomic number mean?
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1. Number of protons in an atom's nucleus.
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What is an isotope?
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1. Atoms with same numer of protons, but different number of neutrons.
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What is the mass number?
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1. Sum of the number of neutrons and number of protons.
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What are cations and anions?
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1. Cations: positively charged ions.
2. Anions: negatively charged ions. |
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Are noble gases reactive or unreactive?
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1. Mostly unreactive
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Group 1A are what kinds of metals?
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1. Alkali metals, reactive metals.
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Group 2A are what kinds of metals?
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1. Alkaline earth metals, fairly reactive.
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Group 7A are called what?
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1. Halogens, very reactive nonmetals.
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Metals tend to ________ electrons to form cation, Nonmetals tend to _________ electrons to form anion.
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1. Metals - lose electrons - cation
2. Nonmetals - gain electrons - anion |
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Mol equals...
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6.022 X 10^23 particles
Equal to the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure carbon-12. |
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Molar mass is equal to...
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1. Atomic mass
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What is a Coulom?
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1. Unit of electrical charge
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Who helped solidify the Law of Conservation of Matter?
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1. Lavoisier
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Who helped developed the Atomic Theory?
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1. Dalton
2. Others included: Democratis, Leucippus. |
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Who helped develop the Law of Definite Proportions?
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1. Proust
2. For a given compound, elements always combine in same ratio. |
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Who helped develop the Law of Multiple Proportions?
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1. Dalton
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What is the difference between hypothesis and theory?
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1. Hypothesis - tentative explanation based on observation.
2. Theory - proposed explanation based on well-established and tested hypothesis. Predicts behavior beyond observation it was based on. |
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What are cathode rays? Who did the experiment and thought of Plum Model?
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1. J.J. Thomson
2. Produced when a high electrical voltage is applied between two electrodes within a partially evacuated tube. |
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What was the scanning tunneling microscopy?
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1. image and move individual atoms and molecules.
2. Works by moving sharp electrode over a surface and measuring the resulting tunneling current, the electrical current that flows betwen tip of electrode and surface. 3. Invented by Binnig and Rohrer. |
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What is a cathode ray tube?
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Partially evacuated tube...
1. stream of electrons produced by high electrical voltage is applied between two electrodes within a partially evacuated tube. 2. Electrons flow towards cathode. |
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Electrical Charge?
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1. Fundamental property of some of the particles that compose the atom and result in attractive and repulsive forces.
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Electron?
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1. Negatively charged, low mass particle.
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Radioactivity?
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1. Emission of small energetic particles from the core of certain unstable atoms.
2. Henri Becquerel and marie Curie. |
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Natural Abundance?
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1. The percentage in any natural sample of an elements atoms.... certain percent are ions with so many neutrons, etc.
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What are ions?
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1. Atoms that have lost or gained electrons to form charged particles called ions.
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What is the periodic law?
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1. When elements are arranged in order of increasing mass, certain sets of properties recur periodically.
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Metals...
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1. Lower left side and middle of table.
2. Good conductors of heat and electricity. 3. Are malleabile, ductile, siny and lose electrons when undergo chemical changes. 4. Good examples: Chromium, copper, strontium, lead. |
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Non-metals....
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1. Upper right side of table.
2. Some solids, some gases. 3. Poor conductors 4. Gain electrons when undergo chemical changes. 5. Oxygen, carbon, sulfur, bromine, iodine. |
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Metalloids...
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1. Lie along the zigzag diagonal line.
2. Semi-conductors (highly temp dependent) electrical conductivity. |
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Main-group elements...
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1. properties tend to be based on position in table.
2. AAAAAAAA |
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Transitional elements...
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1. properties less based simply on position in table.
2. BBBBBBBB |
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Charge of 1 electron?
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1.602 X 10 -19
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MAss of 1 electron?
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.00091 X 10 -27
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Who developed idea of neutron?
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1. Chadwick
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Discovered Charge on electron was who?
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1. Millikan
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