Chemistry Ch 2

Front 1

law of conservation of mass

Back 1

Lavoisier

mass is neither created nor destroyed

Front 2

law of definite proportion

Back 2

Proust

a given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass.

Front 3

law of multiple proportions

Back 3

Dalton

when two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with 1 gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers.

Front 4

Dalton's Atomic Theory

Back 4

1--Each element is made up of tiny particles called atoms

2-- The atoms of a given element are identical; the atoms of different elements are different in some fundamental way or ways.

3-- chemical compounds are formed when atoms combine with each other. A given compound always has the same relative numbers and types of atoms.

4-- chemical reactions involve reorganization of the atoms--changes in the way they are bound together. The atoms themselves are not changed in a chemical reaction

Front 5

Thompson

Back 5

used CTRs to determine the existence of negatively charged electrons. Plum pudding model.

Front 6

Millikan

Back 6

experiments with charged oil drops to determine mass of the electron. 9.11 x 10^-31

Front 7

Rutherford

Back 7

experiment with α particles and gold foil. some α particles reflect at odd angles when most pass through foil. Atom most contain a positively-charged nucleus with electrons surrounding.

Front 8

characteristics of metals

Back 8

--good conductors of heat and electricity
--malleable
--ductile
--often lustrous
--tend to lose electrons to form cations

Front 9

characteristics of nonmetals

Back 9

--tend to gain electrons to form anions
--often bond to each other forming covalent bonds
--not malleable or ductile, not good conductors

Front 10

naming binary ionic compounds for elements forming only one cation

Back 10

1-- cation is always named first and anion second
2-- the cation takes its name from the element
3-- the anion takes the element name plus -ide

Front 11

naming binary ionic compounds for elements forming more than one cation

Back 11

must specify the cation being used either with Roman numeral or suffixes (use -ic for ion with the higher charge and -ous for the one with the lower charge)

Front 12

naming binary covalent compounds

Back 12

1-- first element is named first using prefix to denote the numbers of atoms present

2-- second element is named first as if it were an anion, using prefix to denote numbers of atoms present.