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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the two chemical senses?
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Gustation and Olfaction
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What are the 4 qualities of taste?
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Bitterness, sourness, sweetness, saltiness
Acronym: BSSS |
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Flavor (not taste) is a composite of what?
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Olfaction and Gustation
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About 10,000 tastebuds exist in what four areas of the mouth?
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Tongue, Palate, Pharynx, and Larynx
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What are Papillae?
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Small protuberances of the tongue around which most receptors lie.
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What qualities of taste does the tip of the tongue detect?
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Sweet and Salty
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What quality of taste does the side of the mouth detect?
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Sourness
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What quality of taste does the back of the mouth detect?
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Bitterness
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Gustatory information is transmitted through which cranial nerves?
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7, 9, 10
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Info. from the __________ part of the tongue travels through the ____________, which is branch of which cranial nerve?
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anterior, chorda tympani, CN 7
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What is the name of CN 7?
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Facial
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Info. from the _________part of the tongue sends info. through which CN?
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posterior, CN 9
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What is the name of CN 9?
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Glossopharyngeal
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Info. from the _________ and _________ is carried by which CN?
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palate, epiglottis, 10
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What is the name of CN 10?
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Vagus
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What is the first relay station in the gustatory pathway?
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Nucleus of the solitary tract (in medulla)
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Following this relay, what is the next station?
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Ventral posteromedial nucleus (in the thalamus)
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Next, the thalamic neurons send axons where?
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Primary gustatory cortex (in the anterior insula-frontal operculum)
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Then, info. is sent to the_____?
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Secondary gustatory cortex (in orbitofrontal cortex)
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Gustatory cells turn over every ____days
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60
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What anatomical area is activated by odorants?
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Bipolar olfactory receptor neurons
Acronym: BORN |
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Where are the BORN located?
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Olfactory mucosa
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Olfactory cells turn over every _____days
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60
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How do the receptor cells on the olfactory cilia get stimulted?
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Odorous molecules dissolve in mucus
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Where do axons of olfactory receptor cells enter the skull?
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Through small holes in cribriform plate
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What is the purpose of free nerve endings of trigeminal contained in mucosa?
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Mediation of sensations of pain that can be produced by some irritating chemicals like ammonia
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Where are the olfactory bulbs?
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At the base of the brain on ends of stalk-like olfactory tracts
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Each olfactory cell sends how many axons into olfactory bulbs?
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One
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This single axon synapses with dendrites from what kind of cell?
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Mitral
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Axons of the mitral cells travel to the rest of the brain through what?
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Olfactory tract
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Where do the axons of the mitral cells terminate?
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Some in ipsilateral areas; others cross and enter the olfactory nerve and terminate in the contralateral olfactory bulb
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How is the primary olfactory cortex unique among sensory systems?
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It receives direct input from secondary sensory neurons WITHOUT intervening thalamic relay
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Olfactory tract axons project directly to the __________, ___________, and __________
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Piriform cortex, amygdala, entorhinal cortex
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Primary olfactory cortex projects to several seondary olfactory areas including __________, __________, __________, and __________
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Hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Orbitofrontal cortex, Dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus
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Olfactory disturbances can be subdivided into how many groups?
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4
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Quantitative abnormalities in smell include what subjective experiences?
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Loss or reduction of sense of smell OR increased olfactory acuity
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Loss or reduction of smell is known as?
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Anosmia or hyposmia
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What might cause anosmia or hyposmia?
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Problems at the nasal, neuroepithelial, or central level
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If the anosmia or hyposmia is bilateral, what might the patient complain of?
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Ageusia (loss of taste)
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Increased olfactory acuity is known as?
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Hyperosmia (which is very rare, if it exists)
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Qualitative abnormalities in smell (the 2nd subgroup of disorders of smell), including distortions or illusions of smell, are known as what?
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Dysosmia or parosmia
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With what mood disorder might dysosmia or parosmia be associated?
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Depressive illness
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Olfactory hallucinations/delusions (the 4th subgroup of disorders of smell) originate where
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At the central level
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What is the most common etiology of olfactory hallucinations/delusions?
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Temporal lobe seizures (uncinate fits)
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The fourth subgroup of disorders of smell is knows as Higher-order loss of discrimination or ___________
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Olfactory agnosia
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Olfactory agnosia is characterized by what?
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Perceptual aspects intact, but can't recognize
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