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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is an atom? |
Submicroscopic particle that are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter. |
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What are molecules? |
Atoms that bind together in specific geometric arrangements. |
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Properties of substances around us are dependent on what? |
The atoms & molecules that compose them. |
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What is chemistry? |
Science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms & molecules. |
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Why is scientific knowledge empirical? |
It is based on observation & experimentation. |
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What is a qualitative observation? |
An observation that describes how a process happened. |
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What is a quantitative observation? |
An observation that measures or quantifies something about the process. |
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What is a hypothesis? |
A tentative interpretation or explanation of an observation(s). |
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Good hypothesis are what? |
Falsifiable. |
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What is an experiment? |
A highly controlled procedure(s) designed to generate observation that can confirm or refute a hypothesis. |
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What is Scientific Law? |
A brief statement that summarizes past observations & predicts future ones. |
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What is the Law of Conservation of Mass? |
In a chemical reaction, matter is neither created nor destroyed. |
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How is a Scientific Theory formed? |
Based on one or more established hypotheses. |
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What is a Scientific Theory? |
A model for the way nature is & tries to explain why nature does what it does. |
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What is Atomic Theory? |
A theory that each element is composed of tiny indestructible particles called atoms, that all atoms of a element have the same mass & properties, & that atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds. |
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In the Scientific Approach how does knowledge begin and end? |
As an observation. |
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What is matter? |
Anything that occupies space & has mass. |
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What is a substance? |
Any specific instance of matter, such as air, water, or sand. |
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What are the states of matter? |
Solid, liquid, & gas. |
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What is solid matter? |
atoms or molecules that are packed closely together in fixed locations. |
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What are the two types of solid matter? |
Crystalline & amorphous. |
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What is a crystalline solid? |
Atoms or molecules that are arranged in patterns with long range, repeating order. |
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What is amorphous solid? |
Atoms or molecules that do not have any long range order. |
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What is liquid matter? |
Atoms or molecules that pack as bout as closely as they do in solids, but are free to move relative to each other, giving it a fixed volume but not a fixed shape. |
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What is gaseous matter? |
Atoms or molecules that have a lot of space between them & are free to move relative to each other, making them compressible. |
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What is the main characteristic of gaseous matter? |
It will always assume the shape & volume of their container. |
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What is composition? |
The type & amounts of substances that compose matter. |
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What is a pure substance? |
Substance that is composed of only a single type of atom or molecule. |
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What are the two types of pure substances? |
Elements and Compounds. |
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What is an element? |
Substance that cannot be chemically broken down into simple substances. |
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What is a compound? |
Substance composed of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions. |
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What is a mixture? |
Substance composed of two or more different types of atoms or molecules that can be combined in continuously variable proportions. |
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What are the two types of mixtures? |
Heterogeneous & homogeneous. |
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What is a heterogeneous mixture? |
Mixture which the composition varies from one region to another. |
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What is a homogeneous mixture? |
Mixture with the same composition throughout. |
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What is physical change? |
Alteration only in the state or appearance not composition. |
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What is chemical change? |
Alteration of the composition. |
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What is a physical property? |
Property that a substance displays without changing its composition. |
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What are some common physical properties? |
Odor Taste Color Appearance Melting/Boiling Point Density |
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What is a chemical property? |
Property that a substance displays only by changing its composition. |
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What are some common chemical properties? |
Corrosiveness Flammability Acidity Toxicity |
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What is energy? |
The capacity to do work. |
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What is work? |
Action of a force through a distance. |
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What is kinetic energy? |
Energy associated with motion. |
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What is potential energy? |
Energy associated with position or composition. |
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What is thermal energy? |
Energy associated with the temperature of an object. |
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What is the Law of Conservation of Energy? |
Energy is neither created nor destroyed. |
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What is a unit? |
Standard quantities used to specify measurements. |
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What is the English system of measurement? |
Inches, yards, pounds. |
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What is the Metric system of measurement? |
Centimeters, meters, kilograms. |
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What measuring system is used by scientists and is based off the Metric system? |
International System of Units (SI) |
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What is a kilogram defined as? |
The mass of a metal cylinder kept at the International Bureau of Weights & Measurements. |
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Mass is different than what? |
Weight. |
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What is mass? |
Measure of the quantity of matter within a substance. |
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What is weight? |
Measure of the gravitational pull on the matter within a substance. |
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What is a second defined as? |
The duration of 9,192,631,770 cycles of the radiation emitted from a certain transition in a cesium-133 atom. |
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What are the three measurements of temperature? |
Kelvin, Fahrenheit, and Celsius. |
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What does the Kelvin system avoid and how? |
A system that avoids negative numbers by assigning (0)k to the coldest temperature possible (-237C or -456F), where virtually all molecular motion stops. |
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What is a prefix multiplier? |
A conversion that changes the value of the unit by powers of 10. |
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What is a derived unit? |
A combination of other units. |
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What is volume? |
The measure of space, any unit of length raised to the third power. |
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What is density? |
The ratio of a substance's mass to its volume. |
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What is an intensive property? |
Property that is independent of the amount of substance. |
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What is an extensive property? |
Property that depends on the amount of the substance. |
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What are significant figures? |
Non-place holding digits that indicate the precision of the measured quantity. |
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What are exact numbers? |
Have no uncertainty & thus do not limit the number of significant figures in any calculation. |
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What is accuracy? |
How close the measured value is to the actual value. |
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What is precision? |
How close a series of measurements are to one another or how reproducible they are. |
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What is a random error? |
Error that has equal probability of being too high or too low. |
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What is a systematic error? |
Error that tends toward either too high or too low. |
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What is dimensional analysis? |
The use of units as a guide to solving problems. |
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What is a conversion factor? |
A fractional quantity with the units you are converting from on the bottom & the units you are converting to on the top. |
