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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
substance present in the small proportion in a solution
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solute
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substance present in the greatestproportion in a solution
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solvent
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process that occurs when the solvent molecules surround the solute molecules
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solvation
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if the solvent is water for solvation, what is the process called?
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hydration
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(t/f) solutions can involve any of the three phases of matter
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true. can have a solution of two gases, solid in a solid (alloy), solid in a liquid, etc.
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what is a solid in a solid solution called?
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an alloy.
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when a solution has water as the solvent, what kind of solution is it called?
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aqueous
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what is a saturated solution?
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one in which no more solute will dissolve; at this point we have reached the molar solubility of the solute for that particular solvent.
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what is the reverse process of dissolution
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precipitation;
occurs at the same rate as dissolving; both the solid form and the dissolved form are said to be in dynamic equilibrium. |
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solubility
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refers to the amnt of solute that will saturate a particular solvent.
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(T/F) Solubility is specific for the type of solute and solvent.
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True.
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(T/F) Solubility varies with temperature, increasing or decreasing with temperature depending upon the solute and solvent.
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True;
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The solubility of most solids in liquids (increase/decrease) with increasing temperature.
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True.
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The solubility of most gases in liquids (increases/decreases) with increasing temperature.
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decreases
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Molarity (M)
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(# of moles of solute) / (# liters of solution)
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Electrolytes
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free ions in a solution;
called this b/c the solution can conduct electricity. |
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strong electrolytes vs. weak electrolytes vs. non-electrolytes
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- strong: dissociate completely
- weak: remain ion-paired. - non-electrolytes: covalent compounds that don't dissociate into ions. |
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(T/F) Solutions of strong electrolytes are better conductors ofe lectricity those of weak electrolytes.
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True.
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van't Hoff(or ionizability) factor
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tells us how many ions one unit of a substance will produce in solution.
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What is the van't Hoff factor of C6H12O6?
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it's non-ionic so it doesn't dissociate; thereby, i =1.
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What is the van't Hoff factor for almost all biomolecules -- hormones, proteins, steroids, etc.?
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1
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What is the Van't Hoff Factor of NaCl?
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It dissociates into Na+ and Cl-; therefore, i=2.
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What is the Van't Hoff Factor of HNO3?
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this dissociates into H+ and NO3-; therefore, i=2.
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What is the Van't Hoff Factor of CaCl2?
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It dissociates into Ca2+ and 2Cl-; therefore i=3.
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Covalent Bond
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formed btw atoms when each contributes one of itsunpaired valence electrons.
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(T/F) Electrons in d subshells are not considered valence electrons when writing Lewis dot symbols.
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True.
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What will tell you if the atoms are sharing their electrons in the "best" way possible?
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- the formal charge (the best structure is the one that minimizes the magnitude of the formal charges.)
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Formal charge formula
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V-0.5B-L where V is the number of valence electrons, B is the number of bonding electrons, and L is the number of lone pair (non-bonding electrons).
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What should you do first whenever trying to see what the best Lewis structure is?
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Simply count up all the electrons and see if it matches.
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(T/F) Resonance structures are two or more sturcutres where only nonbonding electrons, and double and triple bonds may move around.
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True.
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polarity
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molecule is partially negative (denoted by delta negative) and partially positive (denoted by delta positive)
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A bond is polar if...
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- the electron density between the two nuclei is uneven;
- if there is a different in electronegativity. |
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Is CCl4 polar or nonpolar?
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Its non-polar because the four polar bonds are symmetrically arranged leaving the molecules as a whole nonpolar, with no dipole moment.
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Is O=C=S polar?
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Yes; although C=O is more polar than the C=S giving a net dipole moment in the C=O direction.
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Coordinate covalent bond
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when one attom donates both of the shared electrons in a bond; such as the lone pair on boron of NH3.
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Lewis base
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aka. ligand
electron pair donator. (SUch as NH3) |
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Lewis Acid
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electron pair acceptor; such as BF3
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Whcih one of the following anions cannot behave as a Lewis base/ligand?
a. F- b. OH- c. NO3- d. BH4- |
Must have a pair of nonbonding electrons to be a candidate Lewis base/ligand ==> choice D doesn't have any nonbonding electrons.
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(T/F) Carbon atoms with nonbonding electrons are excellent Lewis bases/ligands.
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True;
Ie. CO, -CN, and -CH3 are all good lewis bases while CO2 is not. |
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For an ionic bond to form btw a metal and a non-metal, what has to be pressent?
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a big difference in electronegativity between the two elements.
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Which is stronger ionic bond: MgO or NaCl?
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- For MgO, we have PE prop (+2)(-2)/r while for NaCl we have PE prop (+1)(-1)/r.
- Note that these PE are negative ==> ionic system is more stable than the ions separated from each other. - Ratio of these potential energies is -4/-1=4 |
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(T/F) Hydrogen is considered an alkali metal.
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- False!
- hydrogen itself is not considered to be one of the alkali metals. Its place in the table does make sense, though; hydrogen tends to behave like the other members of its column in chemical reactions. For example, all these elements combine with oxygen to form compounds with the formula X2O. |