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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Precipitation Reaction |
A double exchange reaction where one of the products is insoluble |
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Q=Ksp |
Solution is saturated, no more material can be dissolved, no precipitate |
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Q<Ksp |
Solution is unsaturated, no precipitate will form. |
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Q>Ksp |
Solution has [salt] above saturation, precipitation will occur |
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Common Ion Effect |
When elements of an ion are added to a solution containing that ion, it is less likely to dissolve |
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Qualitative Analysis |
Determining the types of ions found in a solution by selective precipitation |
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Reaction Product Favored |
Spontaneous, Exothermic |
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Reaction Reactant Favored |
Not Spontaneous, Endothermic |
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Thermodynamics |
Study of heat in motion |
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Temperature |
How rapidly an object's particles are vibrating |
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Heat |
Flow of energy between two object with definite temperature |
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Calorimetry |
Measurement of the heat changes in a system during a reaction. |
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First Law Thermodynamics |
Energy cannot be created or destroyed only interconverted in the absence of nuclear processes |
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Reactant or Product Favored |
Depends upon energy and matter distribution. |
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics |
Total entropy of the universe is continually increasing. All spontaneous processes result in an increase in entropy |
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3rd (0th) Law of Thermodynamics |
There exists a perfect crystal at absolute zero that has no disorder (unicorn amulet) |
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1st Rule for Entropy |
Gases have more entropy than liquids which have more entropy than solids |
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2nd Rule for Entropy |
Complex molecules have greater entropy than simple molecules |
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3rd Rule For Entropy |
Entropy normally goes up as a solid or liquid is dissolved into a solvent |
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4th Rule for Entropy |
Entropy increases when a dissolved gas leaves solution. |
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At Room Temp |
Energy (product) usually dominates |
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At Higher Temps |
Matter (Reactant) usually dominates |
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Gibbs Free Energy |
Amount of free energy available to do work is a thermodynamic state function that combines entropy and enthalpy |
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Enthalpy |
Energy transferred at constant pressure |
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Spontaneous if.... |
Delta Hsys is Negative Delta Ssys is Positive Delta Gsys is negative |
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Delta H Positive Delta S Positive |
Spontaneous at higher temperatures |
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Positive Delta H Negative Delta S |
Never spontaneous |
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Negative Delta H Negative Delta S |
Spontaneous at lower temperatures |
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Negative Delta H Positive Delta S |
Always Spontaneous |
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Entropy=S and is Product Favored |
Spontaneous when Positive |
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Enthalpy=H which is Reactant Favored |
Spontaneous when negative |
