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162 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is chemistry? |
chemistry is the study of matter; its properties, composition, structure, interactions, and changes. |
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what is matter? |
matter is the substances and materials that make up our physical universe; anything that has mass and occupies volume is matter. |
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what did ancient societies do? |
produced glass, glazed and fired pottery, purified metals, and studied metallurgy. |
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what did the ancient Greeks discover? |
they were the first to purpose a theory of the structure of matter and introduced the concepts of elements, atoms, and chemical combinations. |
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what is the scientific method? |
collect information (data), form hypothesis, experiment- test hypothesis, and modify the hypothesis. |
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define theory. |
ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained. |
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define hypothesis. |
proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. |
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what did Antoine Lavoisier discover? |
he was the first to state the law of conservation of mass and established chemistry as quantitative science. |
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what is organic chemistry? |
the chemistry of carbon compounds. examples: proteins, lipids, citric acid. |
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what is inorganic chemistry? |
the chemistry of all other elements. examples: water (H2O), nitrogen (NO2). |
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who came up with the idea that facts must be the basis of theory? |
Robert Bacon. |
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who was the first to actually use the scientific method? |
Robert Boyle. |
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what were some of the alchemists goals? |
transmutation of base elements to gold and finding the Panacea. |
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what is qualitative measurement? |
focuses on collecting information that is not numerical; look for patterns. example: temperature- hot, room temp, or cold. |
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what is quantitative measurement? |
measurement of data that can be put into numbers. examples: data on blood pressure, height, or age. |
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what are the three parts of measurement? |
numerical measurement, units, quality of the measurement. |
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what is accuracy? |
it measures how close you are to an answer. |
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what is precision? |
it measures how close you are to several measurements. |
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18,734 how many significant digits are there? |
5. |
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103 how many significant digits are there? |
3. |
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0.340 how many significant digits are there? |
3. |
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100 how many significant digits are there? |
1. |
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0.025 how many significant digits are there? |
2. |
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what are fundamental quantities? |
they are measured directly. |
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what are derived quantities? |
they are calculated from other quantities. |
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what significant figures rule should you follow when multiplying or dividing derived quantities? |
the answer must have the same number of significant figures as the measurement in the problem with the fewest significant figures. |
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what significant figures rule should you follow when adding or subtracting derived quantities? |
the answer ends at the smallest decimal place where all the measurements have a significant digit. |
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what is scientific notation used for? |
to express very large or very small numbers. |
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5,400,000 use scientific notation. |
5.4x10^6 |
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what is a meter? |
(m); base unit of distance. |
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how many millimeters (mm) are in a meter (m)? |
1000 mm = 1m |
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how many centimeters (cm) are in a meter (m)? |
100cm = 1m |
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how many decimeters (dm) are in a meter (m)? |
10dm = 1m |
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how many kilometers (km) are in a meter (m)? |
1km = 1000 m |
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what is mass? |
the measure of the amount of matter present; it is a fundamental quantity; unit is the gram or kilogram; stays the same, independent of gravity. |
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what is mass measured with? |
a balance. |
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what is weight? |
the force of gravity; weight changes with place. |
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what is weight measured with? |
a scale. |
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what is volume? |
V = L(length) x W(width) x H(height) volume is a derived quantity. |
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how many milligrams (mg) equal a gram (g)? |
1000mg = 1g |
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what is temperature? |
a fundamental quantity; related to the speed at which the particles of matter are moving. |
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what is temperature measured with? |
a thermometer. |
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what are the different scales for temperature? |
Celsius (C), Fahrenheit (F), and Kelvin (K). |
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what happens at 0 degrees Kelvin (K)? |
absolute zero; molecules stop moving; cold as it can get. |
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what is body temperature? |
98.6 F or 37 C |
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what is boiling point for water? |
212 F or 100 C |
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what is the relation between Kelvin (K) and Celsius (C)? |
K = C + 273 |
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what is heat? |
derived quantity; calorie or joule. |
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what is specific heat? |
the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1g of any substance by 1.0C |
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what is density? |
measures the way matter fills space; D = M/V. |
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is the density large or small if it sinks? |
density is larger. |
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is the density large or small if it floats? |
density is smaller. |
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what is the formula for specific gravity? |
Sp. Grav = Density of a material or sample/Density of water. |
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what is a solid? |
fixed volume and shape; particles touch; particles vibrate; attractions are strongest. |
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define amorphous? |
no order, randomly arranged. |
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define crystalline? |
highly ordered arrangement. |
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what is a liquid? |
fixed volume but no fixed shape (takes the shape of the container); particles touch but are free to move; attraction is weaker than in the solid, but stronger than in the gas. |
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what is a gas? |
has neither a fixed volume nor a fixed shape; weakest attraction between particles; large distance between particles that move freely; particles move freely. |
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what is plasma? |
very hot gas; charged particles. examples: stars, sun, flames. |
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what are elements? |
materials that cannot be separated into anything simpler than themselves. |
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what are compounds? |
composed of elements, compounds cannot be separated into simpler substances without changing them to a new material. |
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what are mixtures? |
alloys; two or more substances; not chemically combined; variable in composition. |
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what is a homogeneous mixture? |
the particles are evenly distributed - dissolved. |
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what is a heterogeneous mixture? |
the particles are not evenly distributed. |
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which type of mixture has phases? |
heterogeneous mixture. example: oil and water. |
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what are physical properties? |
properties that can be determined without changing the type of matter. |
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what are chemical properties? |
properties that describe the ability of a substance to form new types of matter by reaction or decomposition. |
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what are examples of chemical properties? |
whether or not something will burn, if a material will decay or not, will it rust or corrode, is it digestible. |
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is organic or inorganic a physical or chemical property? |
it depends on composition. organic are carbon compounds and inorganic are other elements. |
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what are evidence of physical properties for organic and inorganic compounds? |
organic compounds are molecules, not water soluble, non-polar, and dissolve in oil. inorganic compounds are polar and dissolve in water. |
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what is a physical change? |
a change in physical properties or state that does not alter the composition. example: boiling, melting, breaking. |
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what are chemical changes? |
new substances are formed as evidenced by changes in properties. examples: cooking, life, burning, digesting. |
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can mixtures be separated by causing physical changes? |
yes it can be separated. |
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can pure substances be separated by causing physical changes? |
no it cannot, but it can be separated by chemical changes. |
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what is the law of conservation of mass? |
matter is neither created nor destroyed. |
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what is potential energy? |
stored energy; energy of position. examples: top of waterfall |
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what is kinetic energy? |
the energy associated with motion. examples: heat, flowing water, electricity, light. |
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true or false? energy can be transformed. |
true. |
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what is endothermic? |
energy absorbed, required. example: boiling water, life. |
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what is exothermic? |
energy comes out. example: burning oil, freezing. |
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what is the law of conservation of energy? |
energy is neither created nor destroyed. |
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what is the formula for percent? |
% = part/total x 100 |
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what are some physical properties of metals? |
solids, luster (shiny), ductile (stretch), malleable (flexibility), usually have a high melting point, conducts electricity. |
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what are some chemical properties of metals? |
metals do not form compounds with other metals, alloys, metals become cations and form ionic compounds with non-metals. |
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what are some non-metal physical properties? |
some are solids at normal temperature, one is a liquid at normal temperature, some are gases at normal temperature, not luster (shiny), brittle (not flexible), do not conduct well. |
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what are some non-metal chemical properties? |
form covalent compounds with other non-metals, become anions and form ionic compounds with metals. |
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what does it mean when an element is diatomic? |
two atoms stuck together. example: o2, h2, n2 |
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what are monatomic gases? |
column VIIIa; these are noble gases; they do not form compounds. |
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what are semi-metals or metalloids? |
stairs of boron; intermediate in properties; semi conductors; between metals and non-metals. |
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what is a molecule? |
2 or more atoms bonded by a covalent bond. it is a neutral particle. |
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molecular compound. CO2 |
carbon dioxide. |
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molecular compound. NH3 |
ammonia. |
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molecular compound. CH4 |
methane. |
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what are ions? |
electrically charged atoms or groups of atoms. |
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what are cations? |
an atom or molecule with a positive electric charge (metals). |
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what are anions? |
an atom or molecule with a negative electric charge (non-metals). |
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what is a polyatomic ion? |
"molecule" that is an ion. |
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what is an ionic compound? |
compounds held together by the attractions of opposite (or unlike) charges. |
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ionic compounds. NaCl |
sodium chloride. |
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ionic compounds. CaS |
calcium sulfide. |
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ionic compounds. Li2O |
lithium oxide. |
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ionic compounds. AlCl3 |
aluminum chloride. |
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what are binary compounds? |
2 elements (metal and non-metal); you name the cation first and then the anion you would end it with -ide. |
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binary compound. NaBr |
sodium bromide. |
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binary compound. KCl |
potassium chloride. |
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binary compound. Al2O3 |
aluminum oxide. |
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what are ternary compounds? |
3 elements; polyatomic ions. |
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ternary compound. Na2SO4 |
sodium sulfate. |
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ternary compound. Ca(NO3)2 |
calcium nitrate. |
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what is a reactant? |
substances present before the reaction. |
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what is a product? |
substances present after the reaction. |
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what is the atomic number? |
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. |
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what are halogens? |
salt formers; column VIIA; -1 charge. |
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what are alkali metals? |
first column (IA - except H); +1 charge. |
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what are alkaline metals? |
2nd column (IIA); +2 charge. |
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what is Dalton's atomic theory? |
elements are composed of tiny invisible particles called atoms, all matter (except pure elements) is composed of combinations of atoms, all atoms of an element are identical. |
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who discovered the electron? |
J.J. Thompson |
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who discovered the proton? |
Goldstein and Thompson |
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who did an experiment to show were neutrons were located in an atom? |
Rutherford |
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where are the protons located in an atom? electrons? neutrons? |
protons and neutrons are located in the nucleus of an atom and the electrons occupy most of the space in an atom. |
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what does the number of protons equal? |
the atomic number. |
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what does the number of protons and neutrons equal? |
the mass number. |
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how can you determine the charge? |
looking at the periodic table or subtracting the protons and the electrons. |
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what are isotopes? |
atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers. |
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name each Bohr orbit from closest to the nucleus to the farthest and say how much each orbit holds. |
K orbit and it holds 2 electrons, L orbit and it holds 8 electrons, M orbit and it holds 18 electrons. |
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what is the valence shell? |
the outermost or highest occupied layer. |
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name the orbitals from closest to the farthest. |
s, p, d, f... |
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what orbital(s) can you find in the 1st shell? |
s orbital. |
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what orbital(s) can you find in the 2nd shell? |
s and p orbitals. |
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what orbital(s) can you find in the 3rd shell? |
s, p, and d orbitals. |
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what orbital(s) can you find in the 4th shell? |
s, p, d, and f orbitals. |
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how many electrons does the s orbital have? |
2. |
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how many electrons does the p orbital have? |
6. |
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how many electrons does the d orbital have? |
10. |
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how many electrons does the f orbital have? |
14. |
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how can you tell the sizes of atoms based on a periodic table? |
down a family the size increases, but going across a period the size gets smaller. |
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how can you tell the ionization energy based on a periodic table? |
down a family the energy decreases, but going across a period the energy increases. |
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how can you tell the electronegativity based on a periodic table? |
down a family the electronegativity decreases, but going across a period it increases. |
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what is ionization energy? |
energy to remove an electron. |
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what is electronegativity? |
attraction an atom has for electrons. |
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what is a solid? |
fixed shape and volume, atoms touch, and it has the most attraction between particles. |
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what is a liquid? |
fixed volume but takes the shape of the container, larger space between particles (atoms move but touch), and it has less attraction than a solid. |
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what is a gas? |
takes the shape and volume of the container, large space between particles (atoms don't touch), and it has the least attraction of the three states of matter. |
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what happens when you put in energy? |
solid --> liquid --> gas |
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what happens when you take out energy? |
gas --> liquid --> solid |
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why is a stronger bond more stronger or stable? |
because it contains less energy. |
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what is an ionic bond? |
electrons are transferred from the valence shell of metal atoms to the valence shell of non-metal atoms. |
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what is a covalent bond? |
electrons from the valence shell of a non-metal are shared with another non-metal. |
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what does it mean when a molecule is polar? |
one end of the molecule is slightly negative and the other part is slightly positive. |
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what is a dipole (di-pole)? |
a molecule that is electrically asymmetric. |
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what does the prefix mono mean? |
one. |
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what does the prefix di mean? |
two. |
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what does the prefix tri mean? |
three. |
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what does the prefix tetra mean? |
four. |
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what does the prefix penta mean? |
five. |
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what does the prefix hexa mean? |
six. |
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what are ternary compounds? |
they are made of three different elements; contains a polyatomic ion. |
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what is a binary acid? HCl |
-ide anions, which are changed to end in -ic acid. hydrochloric acid. |
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what are ternary acids that have an anion which ends in -ate? H2CO3 |
hydrogen is left out and the polyatomic anion is changed from ending in -ate to -ic acid. carbonic acid. |
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what are ternary acids that have an anion which end in -ite? H2SO3 |
hydrogen is left out and the polyatomic anion is changed from ending in -ite to -ous acid. sulfurous acid. |
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what is produced in a neutralization reaction? |
salt and water. acid + base ---> salt + water |
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how much does a mole equal? |
6.022x10^23 |
