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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Biology? |
The study of life
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What is Anatomy?
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The study of internal and external structure.
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What is Gross Anatomy?
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Unaided, examines large visible structures
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What is Surface Anatomy?
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External structures of Gross Anatomy
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What is Regional Anatomy?
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Body areas of Gross Anatomy
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What is Systemic Anatomy?
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Groups of organs working together in Gross Anatomy
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What is Microscopic Anatomy?
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Examines cells and molecules
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What is Cytology?
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The study of cells and their structures
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What is Histology?
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The study of tissues and their structures
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What is Microbiology?
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The study of microbes
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What is Physiology?
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The study of function
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What is Cell Physiology? |
The process within and between cells |
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What is Organ Physiology? - (Cardiac, renal, respiratory physiology) |
The functions of specific organs |
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What is Systemic physiology? |
The functions of an organ system |
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What is Pathophysiology? |
The effects of diseases |
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What are examples of "Structure determines function"? |
1. Shapes of bones affect function 2. Cell shapes affect Function 3. Lock/Key Specific shape of membrane receptors and ligands (chemicals) |
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What are the Levels of Organization of the human body? (6) (Least to Most Complex) |
Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism |
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What is the Chemical Level of Organization? |
Atoms, the smallest stale units of matter, can combine to form molecules with complex shapes. |
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What is the Cellular Level of Organization? |
Cells are the smallest living units in the body. Cells are a group of atoms, molecules and organelles working together. Cells have different shapes which allow them to have different functions. All are microscopic. |
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What is the Tissue Level of Organization? |
A Tissue is a group of cells and cell products working together to perform one or more specific functions. |
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What is the Organ Level of Organization? |
An organ consists of two or more tissues working to perform several functions. |
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What is the Organ System Level of Organization? |
Organs interact in organ systems. |
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What is the Organism Level of Organization? |
Organisms are the highest level of organization. All organ systems of an organism's body work together to maintain life and health. |
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What are the Four Primary tissue types? |
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Neural |
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What are the main functions of Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Neural tissues? |
Epithelial = Protection Connective = Support Muscle = Movement Neural = Control |
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List the 11 Organ Systems of the body. |
Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary and Reproductive |
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Name the main Organs and Primary functions of the Integumentary Organ System. |
Skin, Hair, Nails, Sweat Glands
Protection against environmental hazards, Regulates body temperature |
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Name the main Organs and Primary functions of the Skeletal Organ System. |
Bones, cartilages, associated ligaments
Provides support, protects tissues, stores calcium, forms blood cells |
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Name the main Organs and Primary functions of the Muscular Organ System. |
Skeletal muscles, associated tendons, aponeuroses
Produces movement, provides support, generates heat |
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Name the main Organs and Primary functions of the Nervous Organ System. |
Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs
Control, directs immediate responses to stimuli |
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Name the main Organs and Primary functions of the Endocrine Organ System. |
Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, thymus, endocrine tissues in other systems
Control, Hormones, directs long-term changes in other organ systems. |
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Name the main Organs and Primary functions of the Cardiovascular Organ System. |
Heart, blood, blood vessels
Transports cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes and gases |
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Name the main Organs and Primary functions of the Lymphatic Organ System. |
Spleen, Thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
Defends against infection and disease, returns tissue fluid to the blood stream, protection |
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Name the main Organs and Primary functions of the Respiratory Organ System. |
Sinuses, Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli
Gas exchange, delivers air to sites where gas exchange occurs between the air and circulating blood, produces sound |
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Name the main Organs and Primary functions of the Digestive Organ System. |
Teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, Small intestine, Large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
Processes food and absorbs nutrients |
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Name the main Organs and Primary functions of the Urinary Organ System. |
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Excretes waste products, eliminates excess water, salts and wastes. |
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Name the main Organs and Primary functions of the Reproductive Organ System. |
M: testes, prostate, penis, scrotum F: Uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, ovaries
Reproduction, produces sex cells and hormones. F: Supports embryonic development from fertilization to birth. |
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Define Homeostasis |
Critical for life, all body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment
*Disease occurs when the body loses control over homeostasis* |
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What are two mechanisms for homeostatic regulation? |
Intrinsic Regulation (autoregulation) and Extrinsic Regulation |
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What is Intrinsic Regulation (autoregulation)? |
When a cell, tissue, organ or organ system adjusts itself automatically. |
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What is Extrinsic Regulation? |
When the nervous or endocrine systems causes the adjustment.
Nervous system: faster response via neurotransmitters
Endocrine system: slower but longer lasting effects, response via hormones |
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What does homeostatic regulation involve? |
Receptor: responds to stimulus
Control Center: Processes info
Effector: carries out the command
*response of the effector negates (counteracts) the stimulus* |
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What is Negative Feedback? |
The body counteracts the change
It is the primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation and it provides long-term control over the body's internal conditions and systems |
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When body temperature rises: receptors stimulated
Send information to the thermoregulatory center
Causes response in effectors: blood vessels dilate & sweat glands respond |
Example of Negative Feedback
Thermoregulation: nervous -Hypothalamus "thermostat" |
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Describe Positive Feedback |
The body enhances the change
An initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions, rather than opposing it.
Causes a positive feedback loop |
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Labor & Delivery and blood clotting are examples of what? |
Positive feedback |
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Blood clotting |
Platelets are not normally sticky but when trauma/injury occurs (ex. break in blood vessel) Chemicals are released which make platelets sticky which release more chemicals which makes them stickier which releases more chemicals, etc. |
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Fetus triggers release of Oxytocin (from posterior pituitary gland) ----> Uterus contraction ----> oxytocin released, Is an example of? |
Positive feedback |
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Body Cavities have TWO functions: |
1.) Protect organs 2.) Allow movement |
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What are the 2 MAIN body cavities? |
Dorsal & Ventral |
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The Dorsal Cavity contains? |
The cranial and vertebral cavities |
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The Ventral cavity contains? |
The Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
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What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity? |
The Diaphragm |
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The Thoracic cavity contains? |
Right and Left Pleural Cavities (which contain the lungs)
Mediastinum (contains the trachea, esophagus, major vessels (Aorta, SVC) and the *Pericardial cavity)
*Pericardial cavity contains the heart |
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The Abdominopelvic cavity contains? |
Abdominal and pelvic cavities
Peritoneum and peritoneal cavity (only contains digestive organs)
Pelvic cavity contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, the last portion of the digestive tract (most of these structure lie posterior or inferior to the peritoneal cavity. |
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Visceral Membrane |
Covers the organ |
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Parietal Membrane |
Lines the cavity |
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Membrane Fluid |
lubricates, reduces friction |
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Where would you find Parietal Pleura? |
Pleura is a serous membrane found in the pleural cavity. Parietal Pleura would be found lining the pleura cavity (chest wall). |
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Where would you find Visceral Pericardium? |
Covering the Heart |
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Where would you find Parietal peritoneum? |
lining the peritoneum cavity (abdominopelvic walls) |
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Define Mesenteries: |
Fatty tissue anchors and support organs
Greater Omentum " big fatty apron"
Lesser Omentum liver/stomach |
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Retroperitoneal: |
posterior to peritoneal cavity |
