Chapter 6:integumentary System

Front 1

2 layers of the skin

Back 1

epidermis and dermis

Front 2

Below the dermis is the _________, not technically a layer of the skin.

Back 2

hypodermis

Front 3

Thicker skin has _______ glands, but no ______ or sebaceous glands.

Back 3

sweat, hair, sebaceous

Front 4

Why do areas such as the palms of the hands, soles of feet, fingers, and toes, have thicker skin?

Back 4

Thicker skin covering these areas helps with friction and heat protection.

Front 5

The skin is durable (able to withstand wear, pressure, or damage) due to a tough protein called __________ .

Back 5

keratin

Front 6

Keratin is produced by cells called _____________.

Back 6

keratinocytes

Front 7

Superficial layer of the skin?

Back 7

epidermis

Front 8

The epidermis is made up of ...

Back 8

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Front 9

What makes the epidermis tough and waterproof?

Back 9

keratin

Front 10

Skin cells are linked by...

Back 10

desmosomes

Front 11

The epidermis is avascular (has no blood vessels). Therefore, it receives nutrients from the dermis by...

Back 11

diffusion

Front 12

The sparse (thinly dispersed or scattered) nerve endings in the epidermis detect...

Back 12

mild pain and light touch

Front 13

The melanocytes are located in the _________ region of the epidermis.

Back 13

deepest

Front 14

Melanocytes synthesize pigment called __________.

Back 14

melanin

Front 15

What is the function of melanin?

Back 15

gives skin its color based on how much is present in the epidermis, also based on DNA

Front 16

few within the epidermis; detect touch

Back 16

tactile/merkel cells

Front 17

immune cells; prepared in case microbes, toxins, pathogens penetrate the skin, then alert the immune system to respond

Back 17

dendritic/langerhans cells

Front 18

undifferentiated cells in the deepest region of the epidermis; give rise to keratinocytes

Back 18

stem cells

Front 19

make up most epidermal cells; make keratin

Back 19

keratinocytes

Front 20

As keratinocytes are produced from stem cells, they are pushed (upwards/downwards) and push on older cells ahead of them.

Back 20

upwards

Front 21

Keratinocytes die as they move closer to the surface of the skin. Why?

Back 21

Because they are far away from the blood vessels of the dermis. Therefore, they are too far away to receive nutrients.

Front 22

Dead keratinocytes flake off in tiny specks called ________, or larger clumps called ___________ if stuck together in sebum (oil).

Back 22

dander, dandruff

Front 23

________ is deep to the epidermis, rich in collagen.

Back 23

Dermis

Front 24

Boundary between the epidermis and dermis is wavy. Why?

Back 24

It really holds/interlocks the layers together.

Front 25

The upward projections into epidermis is called______.

Back 25

dermal papillae

Front 26

The downward grooves are called__________.

Back 26

epidermal ridges

Front 27

Superficial layer of the dermis

Back 27

papillary layer

Front 28

Deep layer of the dermis

Back 28

reticular layer

Front 29

Areolar tissue in this layer of the epidermis allows immune cells to move through; has rich supply of blood vessels

Back 29

papillary layer

Front 30

Thicker than papillary layer; mainly composed of collagen

Back 30

reticular layer

Front 31

When the collagen in reticular layer is stretched extensively and torn, it leaves permanent stretching called ________.

Back 31

striae

Front 32

What exactly do we know striae as?

Back 32

stretch marks

Front 33

________ is deep to the dermis, also called _________________ tissue.

Back 33

Hypodermis, subcutaneous

Front 34

The hypodermis contains much ___________ and ____________ tissue.

Back 34

adipose, areolar

Front 35

Why is the hypodermis ideal for drug injections?

Back 35

Because it is highly vascularized

Front 36

hypodermic that is primarily composed of adipose tissue, not uniformly distributed

Back 36

subcutaneous fat

Front 37

The subcutaneous fat is thicker in _______ than in __________.

Back 37

females, males

Front 38

Locations of the subcutaneous fat in males

Back 38

abdomen

Front 39

Locations of the subcutaneous fat in females

Back 39

hips, thighs, breasts

Front 40

___________ people have more subcutaneous fat than ____________ people.

Back 40

Younger, older

Front 41

What determines the skin color?

Back 41

melanin

Front 42

brownish black color

Back 42

eumelanin

Front 43

reddish yellow color

Back 43

pheomelanin

Front 44

Everyone has the same number of melanocytes, but differences exist in...

Back 44

the amount of melanin being produced

Front 45

Freckles and moles are local accumulations or clusters of...

Back 45

melanin

Front 46

yellow-orange pigment obtained through the diet

Back 46

carotene

Front 47

red pigment in blood, gives red-pink hue to skin, especially where skin is thinner like the lips

Back 47

hemoglobin

Front 48

blueness of the skin due to lack of oxygen, usually occurs in areas such as fingers, toes, and lips

Back 48

cyanosis

Front 49

redness of the skin due to blood coming into the surface of the skin, usually occurs when exercising and nervous

Back 49

erythema

Front 50

paleness due to reduced blood flow to the skin, occurs when you're shocked or sick

Back 50

pallor

Front 51

genetic lack of melanin due to nonfunctional tyrosinase enzyme

Back 51

albinism

Front 52

___________________ enzyme is needed to form melanin from tyrosine.

Back 52

Tyrosinase

Front 53

Yellowing of the skin due to elevated bilirubin; usually occurs due to liver damage, in first-born babies

Back 53

jaundice

Front 54

Bilirubin is the result of...

Back 54

hemoglobin breakdown, usually removed by liver

Front 55

bruise due to dotted blood pooling

Back 55

hematoma

Front 56

What is hair composed of?

Back 56

hard keratin

Front 57

Each individual hair is called a _______ and grows in a tube called a ___________.

Back 57

pilus (plural:pili), hair follicle

Front 58

fine unpigmented hair of a fetus during the last three months of gestation (pregnancy)

Back 58

lanugo

Front 59

fine, pale hair present on head of newborn, hair of children, face, stomach

Back 59

vellus hair

Front 60

longer, coarser, more pigmented hair, locations include scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, axillary (armpit) hair, pubic hair, male facial hair, some hair on trunks and limbs

Back 60

terminal hair

Front 61

Each hair can be divided into ____ distinct zones.

Back 61

3

Front 62

What are the 3 zones of the hair?

Back 62

bulb, root, shaft

Front 63

origin of hair in dermis or hypodermis, only living region of the hair

Back 63

bulb

Front 64

within follicle, above bulb but not above surface of the skin

Back 64

root

Front 65

portion of the hair that extends above the surface of the skin

Back 65

shaft

Front 66

bulb receives nutrients from a bud of vascular connective tissue called...

Back 66

dermal papilla

Front 67

Above dermal papilla is the ___________

Back 67

hair matrix

Front 68

What is the function of the hair matrix?

Back 68

It is the growth center of the hair, cells are mitotically active (cell division)

Front 69

In cross-section, hair has ____ distinct layers.

Back 69

3

Front 70

innermost layer, contains cells and air

Back 70

medulla

Front 71

middle layer, several layers of elongated keratinized cells, contains eumelanin and pheomelanin

Back 71

cortex

Front 72

outermost layer, multiple layers of thin, scaly cells that overlap, interlocking with cells in the follicle

Back 72

cuticle

Front 73

Hairs have ___________________ which allow the skin to stand upright in response to fear or cold temperatures.

Back 73

piloerector muscles

Front 74

What detects when the hairs move.

Back 74

receptors

Front 75

Hair-textures are based on...

Back 75

differences in cross-sectional shape

Front 76

Hair alternates between the stages of hair growth, degeneration, and resting called...

Back 76

hair cycle

Front 77

Hairs spend 90% of their time in anagen. What happens in anagen?

Back 77

Anagen is the growth phase. Stem cells multiply, forming root sheath, sheath cells become hair cells and make keratin.

Front 78

mitosis stops, sheath cells die, base of hair keratinizes.

Back 78

catagen

Front 79

Hair in the catagen is phase is now called____________ and loses anchorage.

Back 79

club hair

Front 80

resting period until anagen beings again

Back 80

telogen

Front 81

What are the time periods of the following: anagen, catagen, and telogen?

Back 81

Anagen: 6-8 years

Catagen: 2-3 weeks

Telogen: 1-3 months

Front 82

thinning of the hair, resulting in baldness

Back 82

alopecia

Front 83

What happens in alopecia?

Back 83

Hair is shed before it can emerged from the hair shaft. Follicles begin to form vellum hair instead of terminal hair.

Front 84

Alopecia may worsen due to...

Back 84

immune system, stress, lack of nutrients

Front 85

Hair things in certain regions of the scalp faster than other.

Back 85

pattern baldness

Front 86

Genetic cause, only dominant in males, expressed in presence of high testosterone, cause replacement of terminal hair with vellum hair; recessive in women

Back 86

pattern baldness

Front 87

excessive or undesirable hairiness in unhairy regions such as chin and upper lips; common in women with hypersecretion of testosterone

Back 87

hirsutism

Front 88

What are nails composed of?

Back 88

thick keratin in parallel

Front 89

Hard portion of the nail is called the...

Back 89

nail plate

Front 90

The nail plate consists of...

Back 90

free edge, nail body, nail root

Front 91

overhangs finger/toe, appears white

Back 91

free edge

Front 92

attached portion, appears pink due to underlying blood vessels

Back 92

nail body

Front 93

extends proximally into finger/toe

Back 93

nail root

Front 94

Nail root is covered by...

Back 94

nail fold

Front 95

underneath the nail plate is the___________ which is the location of mitosis

Back 95

nail bed

Front 96

nail bed is thick, obscuring blood vessels...

Back 96

white lunule

Front 97

also called sweat glands

Back 97

sudoriferous glands

Front 98

What are two types of sudoriferous glands?

Back 98

apocrine and eccrine/merocrine

Front 99

located in groin, anal region, underarms, areola, beard area in males

Back 99

apocrine

Front 100

lead into hair follicles, produce secretion by exocytosis, ACTIVATED AT PUBERTY

Back 100

apocrine

Front 101

located all over the body, especially on palms of hands, soles of feel, forehead

Back 101

eccrine/merocrine

Front 102

What is the function of merocrine glands?

Back 102

to cool the body, eliminate some wastes

Front 103

produce oily secretion called sebum

Back 103

sebaceous glands

Front 104

produce secretion of sebum and dead epithelial cells, called cerumen, or earwax

Back 104

ceruminous glands

Front 105

located in external ear canal; makes it waterproof and sticky

Back 105

ceruminous glands

Front 106

produce breastmilk in response to hormones towards the end of pregnancy

Back 106

mammary glands

Front 107

channel breastmilk through a duct to the nipple

Back 107

mammary glands

Front 108

damage to cells in response to UV radiation and DNA damage

Back 108

skin cancer

Front 109

epidermal cells, most common type, least deadly, seldom metastasizes (spread to another location)

Back 109

basal cell carcinoma

Front 110

keratinocytes, easy to treat but can metastasize

Back 110

squamous cell carcinoma

Front 111

melanocytes, aggressive and commonly drug-resistant, quickly metastasizes

Back 111

melanoma

Front 112

ABCDE Method

Back 112

A-Asymmetry

B-Border-distinct border of the spot

C-Color-uniform color

D-Diameter-smaller than head of eraser

E-Elevation and Evolution