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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Classifications of bone fractures |
Position of bone ends after fracture: nondisplaced/displaced; Completeness of break: Complete/incomplete; Whether skin is penetrated: open/closed; Location of Fracture; External Appearance; Nature of Break |
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Major types of bone fractures |
Comminuted, Compression, Spiral, Epiphyseal, Depressed, Greenstick |
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Comminuted |
Bone fragments into three or more pieces |
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Compression |
Bone is crushed |
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Spiral |
Ragged break that occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone |
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Epiphyseal |
Epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate |
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Depression |
Broken bone portion is pressed inward |
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Greenstick |
Bone breaks incompletely; Only one side of of the shaft breaks; the other side bends; similar to a green twig snapping |
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Stages of bone repair |
1) Hematoma Forms 2)Fibrocartilaginous callus forms; 3) Bony callus forms; 4) Bone Remodeling Occurs |
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Exercise stimulates bone repair because |
Mechanical stressor stimulates bone remodeling by adding mineral salts and collagen fiber deposits |
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Vitamin D |
plays role in bone remodeling; required for calcium intake from small intestine |
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Vitamin K |
Supports mineralization and assists vitamin D with bone growth |
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Minerals |
Magnesium and Flouride are important to structure and strength |
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Omega 3 fatty acids |
Reduce inflammation, inflammation interferes with osteoblast functioning |
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Hormonal Controls |
determine whether and when remodeling occurs according to changing calcium levels |
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Mechanical Stress |
Determines where remodeling occurs |
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Growth Hormone |
Most important in stimulating epiphyseal plate activity in infancy and childhood |
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Thyroid Hormone |
Modulates activity of growth hormone; Ensures proper proportions |
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Testosterone(Male) and Estrogen(Female) at puberty |
Promote adolescent growth spurts; End growth by inducing epiphyseal plate closure |
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Parathyroid Hormone |
produced by PTH glands; removes calcium from bone regardless of boe integrity |
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Calcitonin |
Produced by parafollicular cells of thyroid gland; in high doses lowers CA blood levels temporarily |
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Bone resorption |
Osteoclast function: They dig depressions or grooves as they break down the matrix; They secrete lysomal enzymes that digest matrix and protons(H); They phagocytize demineralized matrix and dead osteocytes; Once resorption is complete they undergo apoptosis |
