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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
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The study of change and continuity in an individual across the life span. |
Human development |
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What are the three stages of life before birth? |
- germinal - embryonic - fetal |
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What is the first stage of prenatal development which begins at conception and lasts two weeks? |
Germinal stage. |
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What is the cell called that results from a sperm that fertilizes an egg? And when does it start dividing rapidly? |
zygote, 36 hours after conception |
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If implantation is successful, the second stage of prenatal development begins when? |
2 weeks after conception. |
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What is a developing organism that is a bundle of cells from 2 weeks until about 8 weeks after conception? |
embryo |
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The second stage of prenatal development is marked by the formation of the major organs: the nervous system, heart, eyes, ears, arms, legs, teeth, palate, and external genitalia, what is this stage called?(where all major organs form) |
embryonic stage, lasts from 2 until 8 weeks. |
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What is the third prenatal stage called? |
fetal stage |
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What is the key event that distinguishes the embryonic stage from the third stage, the fetal stage? |
the formation of bone cells at 8 weeks after conception. |
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At what stage, between 8 and 12 weeks into development, what can be detected with a stethoscope? |
A heartbeat |
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What is the process by which events in the womb alter development of physical and psychological health called? |
Prenatal programming |
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What are the substances called in prenatal programming that can disrupt normal prenatal development and cause lifelong deficits called? |
teratogens |
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What is the biologically based tendency to behave in a particular ways from very early in life called? |
temperament |
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A finding that challenged assumptions based on when temperament occurred revealed that is begins when? |
before birth |
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Although the sequence is predictable, the exact age at which children reach each milestone _______ |
varies. Jerry may not crawl until he is 9 months, but walk at 10 months. However, his brother might crawl at 7 months and start walking at 12 months. |
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What are the skills called that involve the coordination of many smaller muscles, along with information from the eyes, in the service of some task? |
fine motor skills |
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What is it called when the degradation of synapses and dying off of neurons that are not strengthened by experience during early brain development? |
pruning |
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Who's principles of cognitive development from birth throughout childhood outline stages at which certain cognitive capacities appear? |
Jean Piaget |
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Who outlined four phases of cognitive development from birth through adolescence? What are they called? |
Jean Piaget 1. Sensorimotor 2. Preoperational 3. Concrete operational 4. Formal operational |
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What is the first stage of cognitive development described by Piaget as it characterizes the way infants learn about the world through their senses and own movements. |
sensorimotor |
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During the first 8 or 9 months, Piaget observed that a child has no concept of ______ _______, which is the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed. |
Object permanence
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What is the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed called? |
object permanence |
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At how many months can a baby sit by themselves? |
6 |
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What is the second major stage of cognitive development at ages 2-5, which begins with the emergence of symbolic thought(words or letters to represent ideas or objects) called? |
Preoperational stage |
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What is the belief that inanimate objects are alive called? |
animistic thinking |
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What is the tendency to view the world only from one's own perspective called? |
egocentrism |
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What is the ability to recognize that, when some properties (such as shape) of an object change, other properties (such as volume) remain constant called? |
Conversation |
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At what ages does the concrete operation stage take place? |
ages 6-11 |
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Under Piaget, at what stage can children perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events- but they still have trouble with abstract ideas and reasoning. |
Concrete operational stage(third) |
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Under Piaget, at what stage do children gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems? At what age? |
formal operational stage(fourth), ages 11-12 |
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Who is the most well-known account of the development of moral reasoning? |
Lawrence Kohlberg |
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How did Lawrence Kohlberg study the development of moral reasoning in children and adults? |
By giving them a moral dilemma and recording the reasons they provided for their responses, their responses were less important to him than was the reasoning behind them. |
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What is the first level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, focusing on avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards? |
Preconventional level |
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What is the second level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, during which the person values caring, trust, and relationships as well as the social order and lawfulness? |
conventional level. |
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What is the third level of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, in which the person recognizes universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules? |
postconventional level (such as a person willing to suffer the consequences of going to jail in order to do what they believe in). |
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Who developed an influential model of temperament, with three general categories, that is still widely accepted: the easy child, the difficult child, and the slow-to-warm-up child? |
Alexander Thomas & Stella Chess |
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According to Alexander Thomas & Stella Chess, what kind of child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable? Of which, 40% of children fall into this category. |
Easy child |
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According to Alexander Thomas & Stella Chess, what kind of child is unpredictable in daily functions, is unhappy most of the time, and is slow to adapt to new situations? Of which, 10% of children fall into this category. |
difficult child |
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According to Alexander Thomas & Stella Chess, what kind of child is mildly intense in his or her reactions to new situations and mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating? Although his or her first response to new situations might be negative, after repeated by exposures, he or she develops an approaching style. |
slow-to-warm-up child |
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Who defined separation anxiety as the distress reaction shown by babies (typically at around 9 months of age) when they are separated from their primary caregiver? |
John Bowlby |
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What is the distress reaction babies show when they are separated from their primary caregivers (typically shown at around 9 months of age) called? |
separation anxiety |
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What kind of infant cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and shows difficulty in returning to play? |
Insecure-Resistant |
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What is the ability to make use of social and emotional information from another person-especially a care giver-in an uncertain situation called? |
social referencing |
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What is the ability to control emotions and to know when it is appropriate to express certain emotions? |
emotional competence |
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Most people assume that parents are the biggest influence in a child's life, so they are surprised to learn that, by mid- to late childhood, who is probably an even bigger influence than parents on a child's development and why? |
peers, due to them sharing equal standing or status in terms of age, gender, skill, or power, so they are important role models. |
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What is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood called? When does this take place? |
adolescence, age 11 or 12 until around age 18. |
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What is the period when sexual maturation begins marking the beginning of adolescence called? |
Puberty |
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The sex glands, or gonads, release sex hormones, the male and female gonads are called what? |
testes, ovaries |
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In girls, what is the next major change after breasts? |
menarche(menstruation) |
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In boys, what is the event that signals readiness to reproduce? |
spermarche, or the first ejaculation |
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Erikson saw _______ _____ ________ ___________ as the conflict during adolescent personality development. |
identity vs. identity confusion |
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Major changes in thinking, feeling, and behavior during childhood and adolescence, but what happens when you turn 18? |
You are not all done. New responsibility such as one's own fiances, housing, clothing, and career shape the time between adolescence and young adulthood |
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On average, about what percentage of adults suffer from normal hearing loss, defined as difficulty in hearing normal conversation? |
10% |
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What are the three biggest predictors of hearing loss? |
age, gender, and profession |
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What is one cognitive benefit of aging which is the ability to know what matters, to live well, and to show good judgement? |
wisdom |
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What comes with learning from situations in which we find ourselves, the more we experience, the more we learn about what is important and how to manage our time as well as learning from when not to take things to seriously? |
wisdom |
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What is the average age for first sexual intercourse for men and women? |
17 |
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What is the age of menarche often occur at? |
12 |
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At what age do children begin to interact socially during play? |
3 |
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What is the ability of certain types of brain waves to work together to allow for coordinated activity in the brain, also increase throughout adolescence and possibly into early adulthood? |
Neural synchrony |
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What is it called where rarely used synapses are allowed to die off to make the brain more efficient? |
synaptic pruning |
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In girls and boys, myelination occurs where? |
in the right hemisphere for girls, left hemisphere of the brain for boys. |
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What is the movement of neurons from one part of the fetal brain to their more permanent destination called? When does this occur? |
Neural migration, occurs during months 3-5 of fetal stage |
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When can mothers feel the fetus moving? |
as early as 16 weeks into pregnancy, although it may feel a little like abdominal gas or "butterflies". Male fetuses are more active than female. |
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What is the most serious effect of prenatal alcohol exposure called? |
fetal alcohol spectrum disorder(FASD) |
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What disorder causes damage to the brain and central nervous system; mental retardation; low birth weight; physical abnormalities in the face, heard, heart, and joints; and behavioral problems? |
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder(FASD) |
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What is the term called which refers to our knowledge and ideas of how other people's minds work? |
theory of mind |
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Who coined the phrase and defined it as the distance between what a child can learn alone and what that child can learn assisted by someone else, usually an adult and what is the phrase called? |
Vygotsky, zone of proximal development |
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What is the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth called? |
imprinting |
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In human development, what refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their care givers? |
attachment |
