Chapter 5

Front 1

Synthesis

Back 1

reactions that involve the build-up of complex compounds

Hint 1

2. consumes energy

Front 2

Biosynthesis

Back 2

reactions combining small, simple organic molecules to form complex compounds

Hint 2

EX: proteins built from amino acids

Front 3

Decomposition

Back 3

reactions that break down organic molecules to simpler forms

Hint 3

1. opposite of synthesis
2. releases energy

Front 4

Cell Respiration

Back 4

pathway of decomposition; provides energy cells need to function

Hint 4

1. series of reactions that releases energy as substances are broken down to CO(2) and H(2)O

Front 5

Aerobic

Back 5

O(2) is the oxidizing agent that receives e- from the decomposed substrates

Hint 5

1. occurs in presence of O(2)

Front 6

Anaerobic

Back 6

substrate may be only partly decomposed, which releases less energy, or O(2) is substituted with a nitrogen or sulfur compound

Hint 6

1. occurs without O(2)

Front 7

Fermentation

Back 7

occurs when O(2) is absent; releases energy during the breakdown of sugars

Hint 7

1. forms lactic acid, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, other incompletely oxidized compounds

Front 8

Glycolysis

Back 8

enzymes partially oxidize glucose and split it into 2 3-carbon molecules

Hint 8

1. first stage of aerobic respiration and fermentation
2. glyco=sugar, lysis=loss or release: glycolysis= breakdown of sugar (glucose)

Front 9

Krebs Cycle

Back 9

the resulting 2-carbon molecules, after glycolysis is completed, are oxidized completely to CO(2)

Hint 9

1. 2nd stage of aerobic respiration

Front 10

ETS (e- Transport System)

Back 10

regenerates supply of NAD+; transfers protons and e- to O(2), forming water; synthesizes most of the ATP

Hint 10

1. 3rd stage of aerobic respiration

Front 11

NADH & FADH2

Back 11

both formed in Krebs cycle; carry hydrogen ions (protons) and e- to the ETS; at the end of ETS, they reduce O(2) to form water

Hint 11

1. reduced forms of NAD+ and FAD
2. NADH acts as a carrier of reducing power

Front 12

Pyruvic Acid

Back 12

3-carbon compound formed when enzymes catalyze the rearrangement and partial oxidation of glucose sugar-phosphates

Hint 12

1. pyruvate needs O(2) to survive

Front 13

Pyruvate

Back 13

a result when pyruvic acid is oxidized, which leads to the reduction of NAD+

Hint 13

1. needs O(2) to survive

Front 14

Lactate/Lactic Acid

Back 14

converted form of NADH and pyruvate; reversed oxidation that produced pyruvate

Hint 14

1. 3-carbon acid
2. formed when insufficient O(2) is present

Front 15

Alcoholic (Fermentation)

Back 15

yeast and some bacteria breakdown pyruvate to ethanol and acetic acid

Hint 15

1. anaerobic pathway

Front 16

Lactic Acid (Fermentation)

Back 16

NAD+ cycles to glycolysis, which continues to provide a small amount of ATP until more oxygen is available

Hint 16

1. anaerobic pathway

Front 17

Mitochondrion

Back 17

organelles that the Krebs cycle and ETS occur in

Hint 17

1. known as the powerhouses of the cell because they are the sites where most ATP is synthesized

Front 18

Matrix

Back 18

fluid-filled interior space of a mitochondrion

Hint 18

1. contains most of the enzymes of the Krebs cycle

Front 19

Cristae

Back 19

many folds of the inner membrane that extend into the inside of the mitochondrion

Hint 19

1. enzymes of the ETS are organized in and on the cristae

Front 20

Cytochromes

Back 20

proteins in the ETS; embedded in the inner membranes of mitochondria; transfer e- step by step through the ETS

Hint 20

1. cyto= cell, chrome= color, cytochrome= components of cells that give them color

Front 21

Faculative Aerobes

Back 21

some bacteria that can survive for long periods with or without O(2)

Hint 21

1. able to switch back and forth between fermentation and aerobic respiration, depending on O(2) supply

Front 22

Obligate Anaerobes

Back 22

generate ATP entirely from fermentation or anaerobic respiration

Hint 22

1. poisoned by O(2)
EX: other types of bacteria

Front 23

Obligate Aerobes

Back 23

can't survive for long without O(2)

Hint 23

EX: animals and plants

Front 24

Hydrolysis

Back 24

breakdown where the components of water, H and OH, are inserted into the bond to break it

Hint 24

EX: digestive glands supply enzymes to the stomach and intestines that break the bonds between neighboring amino acids until the protein is completely decomposed