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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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angi/o vas/o vascul/o
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vessel
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aort/o
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aorta
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ateri/o
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artery
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ather/o
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fatty (lipid) paste
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atri/o
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atrium
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cardi/o
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heart
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coron/o
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circle or crown
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my/o
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muscle
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pector/o steth/o
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chest
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sphygm/o
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pulse
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thromb/o
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clot
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ven/o phleb/o
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vein
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varic/o
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swollen, twisted vein
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ventricul/o
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ventricle (belly or pouch)
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atrium
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upper right or left chamber of heart
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endocardium
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membrane lining the cavities of the heart
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epicardium
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membrane forming the outer layer of the heart
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intreatrial spetum
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partition between right and left atria
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introventricle septum
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partition between right and left ventricles
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myocardium
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heart muscle
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pericardium
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protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid between
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ventricle
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lower right or left chamber of the heart
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heart valves
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structure within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood
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aortic valve
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heart valve between the left ventricle and aorta
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mitral or bicuspid valve
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heart valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle
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pulmonary semilunar valve
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heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
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tricuspid valve
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valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
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valves of the veins
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Valves located at intervals within the lining of veins. Especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move blood
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arteries
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vessels that carry blood from the heart to arterioles
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aorta
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large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle
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arterioles
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small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
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capillaries
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tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules
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venules
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small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
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veins
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the vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules
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systemic circulation
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circulation of blood throughout the body through arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
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coronary circulation
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circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue
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pulmonary circulation
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circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via pulmonary vein, providing for exchange of gases
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diastole
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to expand; period in the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria
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systole
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to contract; period in the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and pulmonary veins
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normotension
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normal blood pressure
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hypotension
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low blood pressure
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hypertension
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high blood pressure
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arteriosclerosis
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thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of arterial walls
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atherosclerosis
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buildup of fatty substances that harden within the walls of arteries
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atheromatous plaque
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a swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fats
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thrombus
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a stationary blood clot
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embolus
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a clot carried in the bloodstream that obstructs when it lodges
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stenosis
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condition of narrowing of a part
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constriction
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compression of a part
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occlusion
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plugging; obstruction of closing off
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ischemia
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to hold blood back; decreased blood flow to tissue caused by constriction or occlusion of a blood vessel
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perfusion deficit
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a lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing, occlusion
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infarct
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to stuff; a localized area of necrosis caused by ischemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel
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angina pectoris
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chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to heart muscle often caused by narrowing of coronary arteries
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aneurysm
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a widening; bulging of the wall of the heart, aorta, or artery caused by congenital defect or acquired weakness
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saccular aneurysm
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a saclike bulge on one side
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fusiform aneurysm
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a spindle-shaped bulge
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dissecting aneurysm
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a split or tear of the vessel wall
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claudication
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to limp; pain in a limb while walking that subsides after rest; caused by inadequate blood supply
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heart murmur
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an abnormal sound from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves
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palpitation
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subjective experience of pounding, skipping or racing heartbeats
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vegetation
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to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally a result of infection
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sinoatrial node (SA node)
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the pacemaker; highly specialized neurological tissue impeded in the wall of the right atrium which initiates electrical conduction of the heartbeat
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atrioventricular node (AV node)
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receives and amplifies the conduction impulses from the SA node to the bundle of his
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bundle of His
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fibers extending from the right and left of the av node that fire impulses to the purkinje fibers
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Purkinje fibers
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fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricle causing them to contract
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polarization
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resting state of myocardial cells
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depolarization
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change from polarization to contraction
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repolarization
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recharging the myocardial cell from contracted to resting
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normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
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regular beat of the heart cycle stimulated by the SA node (60-100 beats per minute)
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arrhythmia
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any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of heartbeat
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bradycardia
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slow heart rate <60
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fibrillation
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chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart
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flutter
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extremely rapid but regular contractions of the heart
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premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
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a ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulses initiated by the SA node
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tachycardia
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fast heart rate >100
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aterioclerotic heart disease (ASHD)
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a degenerative condition of the arteries characterized by thickening of the inner lining, loss of elasticity, and susceptibility to rupture
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bacterial endocarditis
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a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium of the heart valves
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cardiac tamponade
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compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac as can result from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart
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cardiomyopathy
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a general term for disease of the heart muscle
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congenital anomaly of the heart
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any condition of the heart at birth
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atrial septal defect (ASD)
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an opening in the septum separating the atria
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coarctation of the aorta
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narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta resulting in a limited blood flow of blood to the lower part of the body
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patent ductus arteriosus
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an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by the failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth
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ventricular septal defect (VSD)
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an opening in the septum separating the ventricles
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congestive heart failure (CHF), left ventricular failure
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failure of the left ventricle to pump and adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body
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cor pulmonale, right ventricular failure
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enlargement of the right ventricle resulting from chronic disease within the lungs that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to the lungs
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coronary artery disease (CAD)
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a condition affecting artieries of the heart that reduces the flow of blood and delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium; most often caused by atherosclerosis
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hypertension (HTN)
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persistently high blood pressure
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essential (primary) hypertension
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high blood pressure attributed to no single cause
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secondary hypertension
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high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease
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mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
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protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
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myocardial infraction
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heart attack; death of myocardial tissue owing to loss of blood flow (ischemia)
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myocarditis
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inflammation of myocardium most often caused by viral or bacterial infection
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pericarditis
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inflammation of the pericardium
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phlebitis
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inflammation of a vein
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rheumatic heart disease
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damage to heart muscle and heart valve by rheumatic fever
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thrombophlebitis
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inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation
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varicose veins
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abnormally swollen and twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs
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deep vein thrombosis
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formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most often in the femoral and iliac veins
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auscultation
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a physical examination method of listening to sounds within the body with a stethoscope
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gallop
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an abnormal heart sound that mimics the gait of a horse; related to abnormal ventricular contraction
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electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
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an electrical picture of the heart represented by positive and negative deflections on a graph labeled with the letters p, q, r, s, and t, corresponding to events of the cardiac cycle
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stress electrocardiogram
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an ECG of the heart recorded during the induction of controlled physical exercise
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Holter ambulatory monitor
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a portable electrocardiograph worn by the patient that monitors electrical activity of the hear over 24 hours
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magnetic resonance angiography
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imaging of the heart and blood vessels for evaluation of pathology
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nuclear medicine imaging
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radionuclide organ imaging
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myocardial radionuclide perfusion scan
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a scan of the heart made after an intravenous injection of an isotope
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myocardial radionuclide perfusion stress scan
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a scan of the heart made after an intravenous injection of an isotope during exercise
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radiology
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x-ray imaging
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angiography
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the process of x-ray imaging of a blood vessel after injection of contrast medium
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angiogram
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record obtained by angiography
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coronary angiogram
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radiograph of the blood vessels of the heart
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arteriogram
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x-ray of an artery
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aortogram
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x-ray of the aorta
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venogram
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x-ray of a vein
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cardiac catheterization
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introduction of a flexible, narrow tube through a vein or artery into the heart
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left heart catheterization
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x-ray of the left ventricular cavity and coronary arteries
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right heart catheterization
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measurement of oxygen saturation and pressure readings of the right side of the heart
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ventriculogram
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an x-ray visualizing the ventricles
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stroke volume (SV)
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measurement of blood ejected from the ventricle in one contraction
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cardiac output (CO)
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measurement of the amount of blood ejected from either ventricle of the heart per minute
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ejection fraction
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measurement of the volume percentage of left ventricular contents eject with each contraction
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sonography
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sonographic imaging
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echocardiography
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recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate structure and motion
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stress echocadio gram
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recording of sound waves through the heart to evaluate structure and motion during exercise
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transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
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an echocardiographic image of the heart after placement of an ultrasonic transducer at the end of an endoscope inside the esophagus
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Doppler sonography
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ultrasound technique used to evaluate blood flow to determine the presence of a deep vein thrombosis or carotid insufficiency, or to determine flow through the heart, chambers, valves, and so on
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coronary artery bypass graft
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grafting of a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another part of the body to bypass an occluded coronary artery restoring circulation to myocardial tissue
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anastomosis
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opening; joining of two blood vessels to allow flow from one to the other
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valve replacement
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replacement of a diseased heart valve with an artificial one
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valvuloplasty
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surgical repair of a heart valve
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transmyocaridal revacularization (TMR)
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a laser technique used to open tiny channels in the heart muscle to restore blood flow, thereby relieving angina in patients who have advanced coronary artery disease
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angioscopy
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use of a flexible fiberscoptic angioscope that is guided through a specific blood vessel to visually assess a lesion and to select the mode of therapy
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ateriotomy
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an incision into an artery
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atherectomy
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excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup
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embolectomy
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incision into an artery for the removal of a embolus
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thrombectomy
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incision into an artery for the removal of a thrombus
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endarterectomy
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surgical removal of the lining of an artery to clear blockage caused by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque build up
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percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
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a method of treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter with a balloon attachment, then inflating it to dilate and open the narrowed portion of the vessel and restore blood flow to the myocardium
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intravascular stent
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implantation of a device to reinforce the wall of a vessel and assure its openness
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defibrillation
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termination of ventricular fibrillation by delivering an electrical stimulation to the heart;
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defibrillator
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device that delivers the electrical stimulus in defibrillation
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cardioversion
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termination of tachycardia either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical energy
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implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
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an implanted, baterry-operated device with rate sensing leads; the device monitors cardiac impulses and initiates an electrical stimulus as needed to stop ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia
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pacemaker
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a device used to treat slow heart rates by electrically stimulating the heart to contract; most often implanted with lead wires and battery circuitry under the skin but can be temporarily placed externally with lead wires inserted into the heart via a vein
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angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE)
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a drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensis in the blood by the angiotensis-converting enzyme; used in the treatment of hypertension
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antianginal
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a drug that dilates coronary arteries, resorting oxygen to the tissues to relieve the pain angina pectoris
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antirrythmic
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a drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythmia
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anticoagulant
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a drug that prevents clotting of the blood
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antihypertensive
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a drug that lowers blood pressure
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beta-adrenergic blocking agents, beta blockers
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agents that inhibit the responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity, causing a slowing of electrical conduction and heart rate and a lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels; used to treat angina pectoris and hypertension
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calcium channel blockers
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agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions in heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, lessening the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation; used to prevent or treat angina pectoris, some arrhythmias, and hypertension
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cardiotonic
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a drug that increases the force of myocardial contractions in the hart; commonly used to treat congestive heart failure
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diuretic
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a drug that increases the secretion of urine; commonly prescribed in treating hypertension
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hypolipidemic
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a drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol
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thrombolytic agents
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drugs used to dissolve thrombi
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vasoconstrictor
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a drug that causes a narrowing of the blood vessels, decreasing blood flow
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vasodilator
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a drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, increasing blood flow
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