Chapter 45 Hormones And Endocrine System

Front 1

communication between cells

Back 1

- involves secreted signaling molecules
- producing cell.
- receiving cell: have target receptors that bind signal molecules specifically

Front 2

short distance cell to cell signaling

Back 2

- paracrine signaling: neighbor to neighbor.
- autocrine signaling: self signaling.

Front 3

long distance cell to cell signaling

Back 3

- endocrine signaling via endocrine cells or glands (ductless)

Front 4

types of intercellular communication using secreted molecules

Back 4

- synaptic signaling: local. neurotransmitters. synaptic signaling across synapse.
- neuroendocrine signaling: long distance. into bloodstream.

Front 5

hormones target specific cells, triggering specific _____ _____.

Back 5

response pathways

Front 6

chemical classes of hormones

Back 6

- differ depending on solubility
- polypeptide (water soluble)
- steroid (a lipid, lipid soluble)
- amine (both)

Front 7

major endocrine glands

Back 7

- hypothalamus
- pineal gland
- pituitary gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- adrenal glands
- pancreas
- kidney
- ovaries/testes

Front 8

organs containing endocrine cells

Back 8

- thymus
- heart
- liver
- stomach
- kidney
- small intestine

Front 9

insulin and glucagon

Back 9

- antagonistic hormone pairs
- insulin: causes blood glucose levels to decrease
- glucagon: causes blood glucose levels to increase

Front 10

posterior pituitary

Back 10

- secreted through neurons.
- example of hormones: ADH, oxytocin.

Front 11

anterior pituitary

Back 11

- under the control of the hypothalamus' releasing hormones
- hormones produces in response to releasing hormones: tropic and nontropic hormones, or both.
- secreted through portal vessels.

Front 12

tropic hormones

Back 12

- regulates function of endocrine cells or glands. has another gland as a target.
- produced by anterior pituitary
- examples: FSH and LH (to testes/ovaries), TSH (thyroid), GH

Front 13

nontropic hormones

Back 13

- do not regulate function of endocrine cells or glands
- produced by anterior pituitary
- examples: prolactin (mammary glands), GH

Front 14

growth hormone

Back 14

- has tropic and nontropic effects
- tropic effect: liver (IFGs - stimulate bone and cartilage growth. effects on aging)
- nontropic: diverse metabolic functions

Front 15

too much growth hormone

Back 15

- gigantism: as a child
- acromegaly: as an adult

Front 16

too little growth hormone before puberty

Back 16

dwarfism

Front 17

endocrine pancreas

Back 17

- homeostasis: blood glucose levels
- blood glucose levels rise -> insulin released into blood -> liver and body cells store glucose as glycogen -> blood glucose decreases
- blood glucose levels fall -> glucagon released into blood -> liver breaks down glycogen into glucose to release into bloodstream -> blood glucose levels rise

Front 18

thyroid gland

Back 18

- releases T3, T4, and calcitonin
- calcitonin regulates blood calcium levels by decreasing it.

Front 19

parathyroid

Back 19

- releases PTH as antagonistic hormone of calcitonin.
- raises blood calcium levels.

Front 20

adrenal cortex

Back 20

- sits on top of the kidney (adrenal)
- produce corticosteroids in in response to long-term stress

Front 21

corticosteroids

Back 21

- glucocorticoids: proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose. possible suppression of the immune system.
- mineralocorticoids: rentention of sodium ions and water by kidneys. increased blood volume and blood pressure.

Front 22

pineal gland

Back 22

- produces melatonin
- secretion is influenced by light.
- responsible for biorhythms.

Front 23

gonadal sex hormones

Back 23

- androgens and estrogens

Front 24

adrenal glands

Back 24

- adrenal cortex: true endocrine cells
- adrenal medulla: neurosecretory cells
- involved in stress response

Front 25

adrenal medulla

Back 25

- middle of the adrenal gland
- controlled by nerve signals from the hypothalamus
- short term stress response

Front 26

adrenal cortex

Back 26

- outer layer of adrenal gland
- controlled by the release of ACTH
- released by anterior pituitary
- long term stress response

Front 27

catecholamines

Back 27

- released by
- epinephrine and norepinephrine
- increased blood pressure, breathing rate, metabolic rate