Chapter 4 Notes - Tissue

Front 1

Four types of tissues

Back 1

epithelial
connective
muscle

nervous

Front 2

Epithelial Tissue - Epithelium

Back 2

Covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities and ducts

Has apical surface and basal surface

Has nerve supply, NO blood supply

Front 3

Functions of Epithelium

Back 3

Protects - top layer of skin

Filtration - kidney

Lubrication - intestinal (goblet) cells

Secretion - endocrine (pancreas) cells

Digestion and Absorption - intestinal cells

Transportation - cilliated cells

Front 4

Subtypes of Epithelium

Back 4

1. Covering and lining epithelium

2. Gladular Epithelium

Front 5

Covering and Lining Epithelium

Back 5

- Top layer of skin

- Lining of blood vessels and cavities

- Lining intestinal, respiratory, reproductive, urinary & GI tract

Front 6

Gladular Epitheliuum

Back 6

- Secreting portion of glands

Front 7

Simple Layer of Epithelium

Back 7

one layer

Front 8

Stratified Layer of Epithelium

Back 8

several layers

Front 9

Pseudostratified layer of Epithelium

Back 9

one layer that appears as several

Front 10

Squamous Cell Shape

Back 10

Flat

Front 11

Cuboidal Cell Shape

Back 11

Cube-like

Front 12

Columnar Cell Shape

Back 12

Rectangular

Front 13

Transitional Cell Shape

Back 13

Variable

Front 14

Simple Squamous Cells

Back 14

single flat, scale-like cells

adapted for diffusion and filtration (lungs & kidneys) or to line interior cavities and organs

Front 15

Endothelium

Back 15

lines heart & blood vessels

Front 16

Mesothelium

Back 16

lines various body cavities and covers organs within body cavity

Front 17

Simple Cuboidal Cells

Back 17

Single layer of cube-shaped cells

- function in secretion or absorption

- seen in glands and kidneys

Front 18

Simple Columnar Cells

Back 18

Single layer of rectangular shaped cells that can exist in two forms:

- Nonciliated Cells with microvilli for increased surface area and rate of absorption

- Ciliated Cells with cilia - help move substances along surface

Front 19

Pseudostratified Epithelium

Back 19

Single layer that appears to be multilayered

Ciliated - has goblet cells and cilia to move mucus in respiratory tract

Nonciliated - no cilia, often part of glands

Front 20

Stratified Epithelium

Back 20

at least 2 layers of cells

name depends on shape of surface cells

Front 21

Transitional Epithelium

Back 21

consists of several layers that vary in shape

allows organ to expand

only found in urinary system where they line the urinary bladder and parts of the uterus and urethra

Front 22

Glandular Epithelium

Back 22

consists of:

- Gland

- Endocrine

- Exocrine

Front 23

Gland

Back 23

Single cell or group of epithelial cells adapted for secretion

Front 24

Endocrine

Back 24

ductless, creates secretory products (hormones) that enter extracellular fluid and diffuse into the blood

Front 25

Exocrine

Back 25

secretes products into ducts that empty at surface of epithelium

Front 26

Connective Tissues

Back 26

Consist of:

- Cells

- Matrix

Front 27

Connective Tissues have

Back 27

- no apical or basal surfaces

- highly vascular tissue

- has a nerve supply (except cartilage)

Front 28

Loose Connective Tissue

Back 28

Fibers scattered throughout semi-fluid to gelatinous ground substance in these tissues

Front 29

Adipose Tissue

Back 29

- Made of adipocytes that store triglycerides

- Reduces heat loss through skin, serves as energy reserve, supports, and protects body

Front 30

Reticular Connection Tissue

Back 30

- Forms stroma (framework) of certain organs

- Helps bind together cells of smooth muscle

Front 31

Dense Connective Tissue

Back 31

has more fibers that are thicker and denser but fewer fibroblasts compared to loose connective tissue

Front 32

Tendon

Back 32

muscle to bone connections

Front 33

Ligament

Back 33

bone to bone connections

Front 34

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Back 34

bundles of collagen fibers in a regular, orderly, parallel arrangement that confers great strength in one direction

Front 35

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Back 35

collagen fibers that are irregularly arranged

found in parts of the body where pulling forces are exerted in many directions

found in heart valves and dermis of skin

Front 36

Elastic Connective Tissue

Back 36

consists of elastic fibers and fibroblast cells

strong and able to recoil back to original shape after being stretched

found in lung tissue and elastic arteries (aorta)

Front 37

Cartilage

Back 37

- strength from collagen fibers

- resilience from chondroitin sulfate

- no blood vessels or nerves

Front 38

Types of Cartilage

Back 38

- Hyaline Cartilage

- Fibrocartilage

- Elastic Cartilage

Front 39

Hyaline Cartilage

Back 39

- most abundant cartilage

- weakest cartilage

- found in fetal skeleton, ends of long bones, nose, etc.

Front 40

Fibrocartilage

Back 40

- strongest of all cartilage

- found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis and cartilage pads

Front 41

Elastic Cartilage

Back 41

- strong and elastic

- maintains shape of certain organs

- found in larynx, auditory tubes, and auricle of ear

Front 42

Osteocytes

Back 42

mature bone cells

Front 43

Types of Bone Tissue

Back 43

Compact Tissue

Spongy Tissue

Front 44

Canaliculi

Back 44

minute canals that provide routes for nutrients and wast transport to the central canal

Front 45

Basic Unit of Compact Bone Tissue

Back 45

Osteon

Front 46

Trabeculae

Back 46

Basic unit of spongy bone tissue.

Sponge-like region filled with red bone marrow (blood-forming tissue)

Front 47

Blood Matrix (plasma) consists of:

Back 47

- Erythocytes

- Leukocytes

- Platelets

Front 48

Erythocytes

Back 48

function in transporting respiratory gases

Front 49

Leukocytes

Back 49

involved in phagocytosis, immunity and allergic reactions

Front 50

Platelets

Back 50

function in blood clotting

Front 51

Lymph

Back 51

contains less protein than plasma

returns fluids back to bloodstream

moves cells and substances from one part of the body to another

Front 52

Membranes

Back 52

flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body

Front 53

Serous Membrane
(serosa)

Back 53

- lines body cavity that doesn't open directly to the exterior

- covers the organs that lie within the cavity

- secretes lubricating serous fluid that reduces friction

Front 54

Cutaneous Membrane

(skin)

Back 54

covers body surfaces and consists of epidermis and dermis

acts as a barrier to entry (keeps pathogens out and water in)

Front 55

Synovial Membrane

Back 55

Lines joint cavities, bursae and tendon sheaths

Doesn't contain epithelium; only areolar and adipose connective tissue

Secretes a lubricating synovial fluid from synoviocytes

Front 56

Muscular Tissue

Back 56

Consists of fibers that are modified for contraction

Front 57

Skeletal Muscular Tissue

Back 57

- Attached to bones

- Very long cells that are striated within many nuclei

- Under voluntary control (we can control this type of muscle)

Front 58

Cardiac Muscular Tissue

Back 58

- Forms most of heart wall

- Branched cells that are striated

- Under involuntary control (subconscious)

Front 59

Smooth Muscular Tissue

(visceral)

Back 59

- Found in walls of hollow internal structures

- Fibers are spindle-shaped and non-striated

- Control is usually involuntary

Front 60

Nervous Tissue

Back 60

Consists of:

- Neurons (nerve cells)

- Neuroglia

Front 61

Dendrites

Back 61

Conduct nerve impulses toward the cell body

Front 62

Axons

Back 62

Conduct nerve impulses away from the cell body