Chapter 4

Front 1

Deme

Back 1

Members of a species that produce offspring

Front 2

Gene pool

Back 2

All the genetic info. In the breeding pop

Hint 2

Ex some people carry the sickle -cell allele & some do not

Front 3

Reproductive isolation

Back 3

Any circumstance that prevents two populations from interbreeding and exchanging genetic material, such as when 2 pops, are separated by a large body of water or a major mountain range

Front 4

Micro-evolution

Back 4

Small-scale evolution, such as changes in allele frequency, that occurs from one generation to the next

Front 5

Macro-evolution

Back 5

Large-scale evolution, such as a speciation event, that occurs after hundreds or thousands of generations

Front 6

Equilibrium

Back 6

A condition in which the system, is balanced stable & unchanging

Hint 6

Ex: in areas of west Africa where malaria is common, the frequency of the sickle cell allele remains relatively constant

Front 7

Hardy-Weinberg law of equilibrium

Back 7

A mathematical model in pops. Genetics that reflects the relationship b/w frequencies of alleles & of genotypes; it can be used to determine whether a pop. Is undergoing evolutionary changes.

Front 8

Point mutation

Back 8

Replacement of a single nitrogen base w/ mother base, which may/ may not affect the amino acids for which the triplet coded

Hint 8

Mutations involving incorrect base pairings

Front 9

Synonymous point mutation

Back 9

A neutral point mutation in which the substituted nitrogen base creates a triplet coded to produce the same amino acid as that is the original triplet

Front 10

Non-synonymous point mutation

Back 10

A point mutation that creates a triplet coded to produce a diff. Amino acid from that or the original triplet

Front 11

Frameshift mutatiob

Back 11

The change in a gene due to the insertion/ deletion of one / more nitrogen bases, which causes the subsequent triplets to be rearranged & the codons to be read incorrectly during translation

Front 12

Transposable elements

Back 12

Mobile pieces of DNA that can copy themselves into entirely new areas of the chromosomes

Front 13

KlineFelters syndrome

Back 13

A chromosomal trisomy in which males have an extra X chromosome, resulting in an XXY condition; affecting individuals typically have reduced fertility

Front 14

Spontaneous mutations

Back 14

Random changes in DNA THat occur during cell division

Hint 14

Have no known cause

Caused by specific environmental agents, usually associated w/ human activity

Front 15

Induced mutations

Back 15

Mutations in the DNA resulting from exposure to toxic chemicals/ or to radition

Front 16

Mutagens

Back 16

Substances, such as toxins, chemicals, or radiation, that may induce genetic mutations

Hint 16

Increasingly becoming known

Front 17

Fitness

Back 17

Average # of offspring produced by parents w/ a particular genotype compared with to the # of offspring produced by parents w/ another genotype

Hint 17

Reproductive success

Front 18

Directional selection

Back 18

Selection for one allele over the other allele, causing the allele, causing the allele frequencies to shift in one direction

Front 19

Stabilizing selection

Back 19

Selection against the extremes of the phenotypic distribution, decreasing the genetic diversity for this trait in the pop

Hint 19

For ex: Living humans whose birth with weights are in the middle of the range have a better chance of surviving and reproducing than these born w/ the lowest & highest weights

Front 20

Disruptive selection

Back 20

Selection for both extremes of the phenotypes distribution; may eventually lead to a speciation event

Hint 20

Two new species arise @ the extremes

Front 21

Melanic

Back 21

Refers to an individual w/ high concentration

Front 22

Non- melanic

Back 22

Refers to an individual w/ low concentration of melanin

Front 23

Positive selection

Back 23

Process in which advantageous genetic variants quickly increase in frequency in pop

Hint 23

Whereby an organism biology is shaped by selection for beneficial traits

Front 24

Sickle- cell anemia

Back 24

A genetics blood disease in which the red blood cells become deformed & sickle - shaped, decreasing their ability to Carry oxygen to tissues

Front 25

Hemolytic anemias

Back 25

Conditions of insufficient iron in the blood due to the destruction of red blood cells resulting from genetic blood diseases, toxins or infections pathogens

Front 26

Abnormal hemoglobin

Back 26

Hemoglobin altered so that it is less efficient in binding to & carrying oxygen

Front 27

Balanced polymorphism

Back 27

Situation in which selection maintains 2 or more phenotypes for a specific gene in a pop

Front 28

Anthropogenic

Back 28

Refers to any effect caused by humans

Front 29

Hemoglobinopathies

Back 29

A group of related genetic blood diseases characterized by abnormal hemoglob

Front 30

Thalassemia

Back 30

A genetic blood disease in which the hemoglobin is improperly synthesized, causing the red blood cells to have a much shorter life span

Hint 30

Found in Europe( especially in Italy & Greece), & the pacific, reduces/ eliminates hemoglobin become clumped inside the red blood cells.

Front 31

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase ( G6PD)

Back 31

A enzyme that acids in the proper functioning of red blood cells; it’s deficiency, a genetic condition, leads to hemolytic anemia.

Front 32

Endogamous

Back 32

Refers to a pop. In which individuals breed only w/ other members of the pop

Hint 32

Discouraging reproduction outside the group

Front 33

Exogamous

Back 33

Refers to a pop. In which individuals breed only w/ non members of their pop

Hint 33

An exogamous society extends reproduction outside its community

Front 34

Founder effext

Back 34

The accumulation of random genetic changes in a small pop. That has become isolated from the parent pop. Due to the Genetic input of only a few colonizers

Front 35

Huntington’s chorea

Back 35

A rare genetic disease in which the central nervous system degenerates & the individual loses control over voluntary movements, w/ the symptoms often appearing b/w age 30 & 50

Front 36

Admixture

Back 36

The exchange of genetic material b/w 2 or more pops

Front 37

Demic diffusion

Back 37

A pops movement into an area previously uninhabited by that group

Hint 37

Middle eastern people’s invented farming in their homelands of Western Asia, than expanded & moved, interacting w, interbreeding w,& exchanging ideas about food production w/ local European pops.