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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Hydras
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Nerve net composed of neurons (nerve cells) in contact with one another and with contractile cells in the body wall
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Planarians
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-Ladderlike nervous system
-Cephalization - a concentration of ganglia (a mass of nerve tissue) and sensory receptors in the head |
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Central nervous system (CNS)
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Includes the brain and spinal cord
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Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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Consists of all nerves andganglia that lie outside the CNS
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Somatic nervous system
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Sensory and motor functions that control skeletal muscle
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Autonomic nervous system
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-Controls smooth and cardiac muscles, and glands
-Divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions (will be discussed later) |
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Motor (efferent) neurons
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-Accept nerve impulses from the CNS
-Transmit them to muscles or glands |
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Sensory (afferent) neurons
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-Accept impulses from sensory receptors
-Transmit them to the CNS |
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Interneurons
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-Convey nerve impulses between various parts of the CNS
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Resting Potential
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-The membrane potential (voltage) when the axon is not conducting an impulse
-The inside of a neuron is more negative than the outside, around -70 mV -Due in part to the activity of the sodium-potassium pump |
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Gated channel proteins
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-One channel protein allows sodium ion to enter the cell
-Another channel protein allows potassium ion to leave the cell |
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meninges
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the brain and the spinal cord are wrapped in three protective membranes
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Brain
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-Weighs 3 lbs
- Contains billions of synapses -Controls most of the body activities -Takes 15% of blood output from the heart -Takes 75% of body’s intake of glucose for ATP thus very high O2 demand |
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forebrain
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Conscious thought, voluntary movement, sensory reception
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cerebrum
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The largest part
-Left and right cerebral hemispheres -Mostly white matter taking impulses to and from the cerebrum - Communicates with, and coordinates the activities of, the other parts of the brain -Left: logic, math, language - Right: spatial abilities, visual imagery, music, ability to recognize faces. |
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cerebral cortex
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-A thin and highly convoluted outer layer of gray matter covering the cerebrum -Interprets sensation and initiates voluntary movement and higher thought processes |
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Occipital
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Receives/processes visual information
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Temporal
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Receives/processes auditory information
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Frontal
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Voluntary movement, speech, conscious thought
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Prefrontal
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Sorts sensory information and puts it in a proper context
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Parietal
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processes touch and taste information and detects the body position
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corpus callosum
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-Links the left and right hemisphere
- Allows the hemispheres to communicate with each other |
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limbic system
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-Links the forebrain and the midbrain
-Integrates higher mental functions and primitive emotions |
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basal ganglia
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Activationand inactivation of proper muscle groups
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amygdalae
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Memory processing, decision making, and emotional reactions
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hippocampus
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Long-term memory
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olfactory bulbs/tracts
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Sense of smell
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thalamus
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-The “relay center”
-Receives all sensory input except smell -Integrates sensory information and sends it to the cerebrum |
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hypothalamus
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-Theintegrating center that maintains homeostasis
•Heartrate, blood pressure, body temperature, hunger/thirst, H2Obalance, sex drive, some emotions, etc. -Controlsthe pituitary gland •Hormones |
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midbrain
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-The part of the brainstem connecting the forebrain and thehindbrain
-Acts as a relay station betweenthe cerebrum and the spinal cord or the cerebellum -Associated with body movement,motivation, and habituation -Helps relay information forvision and hearing |
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cerebellum
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•Receives sensory input from theeyes, ears, joints, and muscles
•Sends motor impulses out thebrain stem to the skeletal muscles |
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medulla oblongata
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Contains reflex centers for vomiting, coughing, sneezing, hiccupping, and swallowing
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pons
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Relays messages from the cerebral cortex to the cerebellum and the medulla oblongata
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Circle of Willis
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Circular arteries at the base of the brain to supplies blood to the brain
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reticular formation
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A complex network of interconnected nuclei of neurons located throughout the brainstem
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reticular activating system
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•Regulatesleep-wake transitions
•Arousesthe cerebrum via the thalamus and causes a person to be alert |
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descending reticular formation
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•Regulatesthe posture and the autonomic nervous system
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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-Lies outside the CNS
-Contains nerves consisting of bundles of axons -Cell bodies of neurons are found in the CNS or inganglia (collections of cell bodies in the PNS) -Two divisions: •Somatic nervous system •Autonomic nervous system |
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somatic system
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-Includes:
•Cranialnerves – emerge directly from the brainor the brainstem •Spinalnerves – emerge from various segments ofthe spinal cord -Gather information from sensors -Conduct decisions to effectors (an organ or a glandthat acts in response to a stimulus) -Controls the skeletal muscles-Voluntary control of muscles –always originates in the brain -Reflexes (involuntary responses)– involve either the brain or the spinal cord •E.g., flying objects cause oureyesto blink |
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Reflex arc
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-Sensory receptors generate a nerve impulse- Sensory axons-A dorsal root ganglion-The gray matter of the spinal cord
-Motor axons to an effector, which brings about a responseto the stimulus |
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autonomic system
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-Controls the smooth muscles,cardiac muscles, and glands
-Innervates (i.e., supply withnerves) all internal organs -Involuntary |
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sympathetic division
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-Arises from portions of thespinal cord
-Important during fightor flight responses•Accelerates heartbeat and dilatesbronchi -Uses the neurotransmitter, norepinephrine |
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parasympathetic division
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-Includes a few cranial nervesarising from the spinal cord -Promotes internal responsesassociated with a relaxed state •Promotes digestion and retardsheartbeat-Uses the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine
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