Chapter 31 Fungus

Front 1

How do fungus get nutrition?

Back 1

-fungus are heterotophs and absorb nutrition from outside of body
-uses enzymes to break large molecules into smaller molecules

Front 2

what is fungus body structure?

Back 2

-multicellular filaments and single cells

Front 3

hyphae

Back 3

-fine, branching tubes that make up the body of multicellular fungus

Front 4

mycelium and what does it do?

Back 4

-network of branched hypahe
-maximizes surface area-to-volume ratio

Front 5

what does fungal cell walls contain

Back 5

chitin

Front 6

Septa

Back 6

-partition with pores that allow cell-to-cell movement of organelles

Front 7

coenocytic fungi

Back 7

-lacks septa and have a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds of nuclei

Front 8

Haustoria

Back 8

-specialized hypahe that allow them to penetrate tissues of their host

Front 9

micorrhizae

Back 9

-mutually beneficial relationships between fungi and plant roots

Front 10

ectomycorrhizal fungi

Back 10

-forms sheath of hyphae over a root and grow into extracellular space of root cortex

Front 11

arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Back 11

-hyphae goes into the cell walls of root cells and into tubes

Front 12

benefits of mycorrhizal fungi

Back 12

-deliver phosphate ions and minerals to plants

Front 13

sexual reproduction requires what?

Back 13

-fusion of hyphae from different mating types

Front 14

fungi use what for sexual signaling of mating types

Back 14

-pheromones

Front 15

plasmogamy

Back 15

-union of cytoplasm from two parent mycelia

Front 16

normal fungal cell type in terms of genetics

Back 16

-normally haploid except for transient diploid stages formed during sexual life cycles

Front 17

heterokaryon

Back 17

-haploid nuclei from each parent coexist in mycelium

Front 18

dikaryotic mycelium

Back 18

-haploid nuclei pair off two to a cell

Front 19

karyogamy and when it can occur

Back 19

-nuclear fusion of the haploid nuclei into diploid cells
-hours, days, or even centuries later

Front 20

how long is diploid phase?

Back 20

-short lived and undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores

Front 21

how asexual production happen?

Back 21

-haploid spores are produced by mitosis

Front 22

how yeast reproduce asexually?

Back 22

-simple cell division and the pinching of "bud cells" from a parent cell

Front 23

deuteromycetes

Back 23

-yeasts and molds with no known sexual stage, imperfect fungi

Front 24

DNA evidence suggest that fungi most closely related to

Back 24

-unicellular nucleariids

Front 25

are microsporidia fungi?

Back 25

-closely related to fungi through molecular comparisons
-have tiny organelles but no conventional mitochondria
-unicellular parasites of animals and protists

Front 26

chytrids

Back 26

-found in freshwater and terrestrial habitats
-decomposers, parasites or mutualists
-have flagellated spores called zoospores

Front 27

zygomycetes

Back 27

-include fast growing molds, parasites, and commensal symbionts
-hyphae are coenocytic
-life cycle of black bread mold (Rhizopus stolonifer)
-asexual sporangia produce haploid spores

Front 28

glomeromycetes

Back 28

-form arbuscular mycorrhizae

Front 29

ascomycetes

Back 29

-produce sexual spores in saclike asci contained in fruiting body called asocarp
-sac fungi common name
-vary in size and complexity
-reproduce asexually by enormous number of asexual spores called conidia

Front 30

basidiomycetes

Back 30

-mushrooms, puffballs and shelf fungi
-clublike structure called basidium
-decomposers of wood
-reproduces sexually by producing elaborate fruiting boides called basidiocarps
-numerous basidia in a basidiocarp are source of sexual spores called basidiospores

Front 31

fungi as decomposers

Back 31

-efficient decomposers of organic material includes cellulose and lignin
-perform essential recycling of chemical elements between living and nonliving world
-used in bioremediation projects

Front 32

fungi as mutualists

Back 32

-relationship with plants, algae, cyanobacteria and animals

Front 33

fungus-plant mutualisms

Back 33

-mycorrhizae
-plants harbor harmless symbiotic endophytes
-endophytes make toxins that deter herbivores and defend against pathogens

Front 34

fungus-animal symbioses

Back 34

-share their digestive services with animals
-break down plant material in the guts of cows and other grazing animals

Front 35

Lichens

Back 35

-a symbiotic association between a photosynthetic microorganism and fungus
-millions of photosynthetic cells are held in a mass of fungal hyphae
-photosynthetic component is green algae of cyanobacteria
-fungal component is most often ascomycete

Front 36

fungi as pathogens

Back 36

-parasites
-fruit harvest lost due to fungi
-some fungi attack food crops

Front 37

mycosis

Back 37

-fungal infection in animals
-systematic mycoses spread through the body
-are opportunistic

Front 38

practical uses of fungi

Back 38

-humans eat many fungi
-used to produce antibiotics