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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Portuguese navigator who rounded Africa and ended up landing on Malabar Coast where he discovered a secret commerce and eventually bullied his way into the trade by an outbreak of war
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Vasco da Gama
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Italian explorer who determined that the earth was round and attempted to reach the East for Spain by sailing west from Europe, which led him to America
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Columbus
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Led a Spanish expedition which found a southwestern passage in 1520, sailing from the Atlantic to Pacific where he discovered the Philippine Islands and was the first to circumnavigate the globe
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Magellan
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English explorer who searched for a northwest passage to the Pacific and discovered the White Sea
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Cabot
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French explorer who searched for a northwest passage to the Pacific without results
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Cartier
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Southwest coast of India where da Gama discovered an unknown world of Arab commerce
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Malabar Coast
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Place on the Malabar Coast were the Portuguese built a permanent fortified station
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Goa
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Kind of trade established around 1560 where African slaves were imported to America to work as manual laborers
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African Slave Trade
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A place in Peru where in 1545 a great discovery was made where explorers found prodigiously rich silver deposits
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Potosi
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Wealthy family first established in 1368 who began to deal spices silks and other Eastern goods. they became bankers to the Habsburgs in Germany and Spain
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Fuggers of Augsburg
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The steady rise in prices, which is the steady decline in value of a given unit of much which constituted to gradual inflation
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Price revolution
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The economic changes in Europe during the early modern period which signified the rise of a capitalistic economy and the transition from a town-centered to a nation-centered economic system
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Commercial Revolution
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An early commercial bank that was funded by the city of Amsterdam and established in 1609
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Bank of Amsterdam
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A manufacturing system where workers make products in their homes with materials that are supplied by entrepreneurs
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Domestic System
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A class of small freeholders in England that developed between the landed gentry and the rural poor
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yeomanry
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A French work which originally meant a person living in a chartered town or borough and enjoying its liberties. Another name for the "middle class"
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bourgeoisie
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The class a step down from nobility
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gentry
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Legislation enacted in 1536 which instructed each parish to ask for voluntary weekly collections to assist the poor
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English Poor Law
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Schools in France that combined the work of then English grammar school with what corresponded to the first year or two of university work at Oxford or Cambridge
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colleges in France
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Spanish students who seem to have been lesser nobles and aspiring to positions in the church or government
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hidalgos
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Peasants who owed three or four days a week of forced labor
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Robot
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Ruler of Spain who not only possessed the Spanish kingdoms but also inherited Portugal who the whole Iberian peninsula was under his rule. He thought Spain was a leader of European Catholicism and worked for the cause of the universal church
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Philip II
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Queen of England who reestablished Roman Catholicism by persecuting the Protestants
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Mary Tudor
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Spanish painter whose works, including portraits, historical scenes, still lives, and genre scenes, display his new technique and mastery of aspects of light
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Velazquez
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Spanish painter of religious works, who used elongated human figures and contrasting colors
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El Greco
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Spanish painter of religious works who used dramatic aspects of light and shadow
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Murillo
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Spanish playwright who wrote over 200 dramas which established the national drama of Spain
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Lope de Vega
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Spanish theologian and philosopher
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Suarez
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Religious leader of the Inquisition who sentenced thousands to death under the rule of Philip II
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Duke of Alva
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Queen of Scotland who was beheaded for plotting to assassinate her cousin Queen Elizabeth I
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Mary Stuart
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Turkish sea power was destroyed by a group of Christian nations who were led by the Pope
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Battle of Lepanto
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A period of time in Spain from 1550 to 1650
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siglo de oro
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Philip II's royal residence which expressed in solid stone its creator's political and religious determination
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Escorial
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A rebellion against Philip II where 200 nobles asked Philip II not to use the Spanish Inquisition in their territory, but he ignored their wishes and did so anyway
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Revolt of the Netherlands
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A Spanish Moor
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Morisco
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Also known as the Council of Blood which was used in the Netherlands which sentenced thousands to death, levied new taxes, and confiscated the estates of a number of important nobles
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Council of Troubles
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A trading company in 1602, when the Netherlands which was the first multinational corporation in the world and the first corporation to use stocks
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Dutch East India Co.
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Widow of King Henry II, an Italian woman who brought to France some of the polish of Renaissance Italy, along with some of its taste for political intrigue, which she attempted to govern the country for her royal sons
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Catherine de' Medici
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Led the Catholic party in the religious wars in France, and hoped to extirpate heresy and to govern more France
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Duke of Guise
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Led the Huguenots in the religious wars in France who fought for local liberties in religion, and was almost beheaded but was saved by temporarily switching his religion when Catherine de' Medici ordered the massacre of the Huguenots
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Henry of Navarre
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Led the Huguenots in the religious wars in France who fought for local liberties in religion, and was beheaded by Catherine de' Medici
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Admiral de Coligny
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A political philosopher who was the first thinker to develop the modern theory of sovereignty which send that there must be one power strong enough to give law to all others
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Jean Bodin
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A Cardinal who tried to strengthen the state economically by mercantilist edicts and wanted to draw impoverished men gentlemen into trade by allowing them to engage in maritime commerce
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Richelieu
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Widow of Henry IV and son of Louis XII
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Marie de' Medici
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Son of Marie de' Medici and King of France who relied on Cardinal Richelieu to overcome war with Spain and the Hapsburgs
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Louis XIII
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A massacre where thousands of Huguenots were dragged from their beds after midnight and unceremoniously killed under the command of Catherine de' Medici
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St. Bartholomew's Day massacre
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Stated that papal bulls would not be published in France without permission and that Roman courts had no authority over the French
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Gallican liberties
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Another name for French Calvinists
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Huguenots
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"Politicals" who concluded that too much was being made of religion and that there was room in France for two churches because civil order was needed more than anything
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Politiques
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Remark made by the Catholics throughout the wars who refused to admit the heretic king within its gates
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"Paris is worth a Mass"
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Issued by Henry IV in 1598 that granted every seigneur, or noble who was a manorial lord the right to hold Protestant services in his own household and allowed Protestantism throughout the country
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Edict of Nantes
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Silenced by the French king after the Edict of Nantes
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parlements
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King of Sweden who conciliated all parties of Sweden and had extended Swedish holdings on the east shore of the Baltic. He created the most modern army of the era and had troops sing religious hymns
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Gustavus Adolphus
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The supreme commander of the armies of the Habsburg Monarchy during the Danish Period of the Thirty Years War
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Duke of Wallenstein
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Also the Duke of Holstein, a state of the Holy Roman Empire who took the lead in Protestant affairs
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King Christian of Denmark
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The former kingdom of present day western Czech Republic where the first phase of the Thirty Years War took place
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Bohemia
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Occurred when the Bohemians who feared the loss of their Protestant liberties dealt with two emissaries from the Habsburg Holy Roman Empire by throwing them out of the window
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Defenestration of Prague
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A battle in the Thirty Years War in the Bohemian phase where the Spanish troops sent from Milan by the forces of Catholic Bavaria managed to overwhelm the Bohemians
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Battle of White Mountain
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Released in 1629 where the emperor declared all church territories secularized since 1552 automatically be restored to the Catholic church
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Edict of Restitution
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The peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648
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Peace of Westphalia
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French saying meaning "for the good of the country"
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Raison d'etat
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