Chapter 3

Front 1

Both _____ and _____ are higher in children, most likely as compensation for the lower stroke volume and cardiac output relative to body mass. Additionally _____ concentration is lower in children than in adults

Back 1

resting heart rate and exercise heart rate
hemoglobin

Front 2

_______ decreases by approximately 6 to 10 bpm per decade with advancing age

Back 2

Max HR

Front 3

______ remains relatively unchanged with advancing age

Back 3

Resting stroke volume

Front 4

______ decreases with advancing age.

Back 4

Max stroke volume

Front 5

Decreases in both maximal heart rate and stroke volume cause a sighnificant decline in _______ with age. Max heart rate and stroke volume are probaly decreased because of

Back 5

maximal cardiac output
because of increased stiffness of the left ventricle, causing decreased diastolic filling.

Front 6

_____ at any give submaximal oxygen consumption is lower in adults than in children
Children compensate for this by

Back 6

Cardiac output
increased oxygen extraction, which is achieved by increased blood flow through skeletal muscle.

Front 7

Decreased _____ and increased ____ with age can result in elevated systolic and elevated diastolic blood pressures both at rest and during exercise

Back 7

Decreased arterial compliance and increased arterial stiffness

Front 8

________ decreases with age, resulting in decreased muscle blood flow and oxygen extraction

Back 8

Skeletal muscle capillary density

Front 9

______ increases with aging, apparently related to increased afterload assoicated with increased peripheral resistance.

Back 9

Left ventricular hypertrophy

Front 10

_________ both at rest and during exercise decreases with age

Back 10

Early left ventricular diastolic function

Front 11

The Vo2 max is determined by the capacity of the cardiovascular system to deliver ____ to the working muscles and capacity of the muscles to ___ for oxidative metabolism.

Back 11

deliever oxygen
extract oxygen

Front 12

The VO2 max is

Back 12

a function of maximal cardiac output and maximal arteriovenous oxygen difference

Front 13

The VO2 max may be expressed as

Back 13

an absoulte value

Front 14

The VO2 max remains relatively ____ throughout childhood and adolescence.

Back 14

unchanged

Front 15

The VO2 max typically declines by ___ to ___% per decade after age ____. this decline is related to decreases in both ________ and ___________. The rate of decline can be slowed by _________.

Back 15

5-15
25
maximal cardiac output
maximal arteriovenous oxygen
regular physical activity

Front 16

_______ and ______ with aging

Back 16

Residual volume increases
vital capacity decreases

Front 17

________ increases with aging, as the lungs lose elastin fibers and elastic recoil.

Back 17

Lung compliance increases

Front 18

Aging brings a _____ increase in the work of respiratory muscles but a decrease in the ____ of these muscles

Back 18

20%
strength

Front 19

A general increase in exercise capacity and absoulute VO2 max (L/min) occurs during _______. This increase is dramatically accelerated during ______, especially in boys, before leveling off after maturity.

Back 19

childhood
puberty

Front 20

The large increase in absoulte VO2 max in adolescent boys corresponding to the _____, which results from _________________.

Back 20

growth spurt
androgen-induced hypertrophy of the heart and stimulation of red blood cell and hemoglobin production, facilitates oxygen delivery

Front 21

Futhermore, increased skeletal muscle mass associated with male adolescence increases the

Back 21

capacity for oxygen extraction

Front 22

Despite the large increase in absoulute VO2 max, _______ plateaus in boys and shows a slight decline in girls, during puberty.

Back 22

relative VO2 max (mL/Kg/min)

Front 23

The VO2 max is not related to _____ in children and preadolescents.

Back 23

endurance fitness

Front 24

An individual's ________ becomes fixed before adolescence; however, large changes in muscle mass remain possible via the mechanisms of _______.

Back 24

total number of muscle fibers
muscle fiber hypertrophy

Front 25

At _____, males exhibit more rapid muscle growth, or ____ than females do.

Back 25

adolescence,hypertrophy

Front 26

Females do not exhibit disproportionate _____ during adolescence. Adolescent and postadolescent females have approximately ___t0___ less muscle mass compared to males, both because of smaller stature and because of a smaller average muscle fiber size.

Back 26

30-60%

Front 27

A decline in muscle mass or ____ occurs with _____ because of a progressive decrease in the number and size of muscle fibers. This sarcopenia directly contributes to an ________.

Back 27

atrophy
age-related decline in muscle strength

Front 28

_______are particularly susceptible to atrophy in aging humans.

Back 28

Fast-twitch fibers

Front 29

________ typically peaks in the mid-twenties for both sexes and remains fairly stable throught the mid-thirties

Back 29

muscle strength

Front 30

muscle stength ____ by approximatly 15% per decade in teh fifth, sixth, and seventh decades by approimatly ____ per decade

Back 30

declines
30%

Front 31

Bone is ______ composed of cells embedded in an extra-cellular organic matrix impregnated wtih an inorganic component. This inorganic component, primarly calcium phosphate crystals called ____, muakes up approximately 65% of the dry weight of bone.

Back 31

connective tissue
hydroxyapatite

Front 32

Mature bone continuously undergoes a process called ___, in which bone matrix is reabsorbed and replaced by new matrix

Back 32

bone remodeling

Front 33

This process becomes unbalanced with

Back 33

advancing age such that bone formation does not keep pace wtih reabsorbtion.

Front 34

The human skeleton begins to develop in the embryo as the process of ________ gradually replaces the cartilage with bone tissue.

Back 34

endochondral ossification

Front 35

In long bones, the ossification begins in the ____. Secondary ossification occurs at the ends of th elong bone, or ____ and remains separated from teh primary ossification by _______.

Back 35

diaphysis
epiphysis
epiphyseal plates

Front 36

The epiphyseal plates are regions of _____ that continue to produce chondrocytes tha tundergo ossifciation adn thereby add bone tissue to the shaft of the bone.

Back 36

cartilage

Front 37

Through this process long bones continue to grow in length until

Back 37

the epiphyseal plates close in response to hormonal changes at approximately 16 to 18 years of age following the adolescent growth spurt

Front 38

Bone mass reaches its peak for both men and women by 25 to 30 years of age. Problems with bone growth can develop in children as a result of ____, because the epiphysis is not yet united with the bone shaft.

Back 38

strenuous exercise

Front 39

____ can occur with overuse.

Back 39

Epiphysitis

Front 40

____ can pass through the epiphyseal plate, desrupting normal bone growth

Back 40

fractures

Front 41

Osteoporosis

Back 41

condition charactrized by a decrease in bone mass and bone density, producing bone porosity and fragility.

Front 42

The efficiency of ___ appears to devline with age, resultin gin the inability of bone synthesis to keep pace with bone reabsorption. In women, this loss is accelerated immediately after ____.

Back 42

osteoblasts
menopause

Front 43

As a result ______ are more susceptible to bone fracutures, which are significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly.

Back 43

older individuals

Front 44

____ are the most common adn accoutn for a large shart of the disability, death and medical costs associtated with falls.

Back 44

hip fractures

Front 45

Additionaly both ___ and ___ are not uncommon amoung those with osteoporosis

Back 45

wrist and vertebral fractures

Front 46

The age at which bone loss begins and the rate at which it occurs ___ greatly between men and women

Back 46

vary

Front 47

Normally ___ begin to lose bone mass by age 65; overall bone mineral content is pproximately 10% lower than the peak value.

Back 47

men

Front 48

Bone loss in ____ may begin as early as age 30 to 35, and the rate of bone loss is greatly accelerated following menopause. By age ___ overall bone mineral content in women is approximately 15% to 20% lower than the peak value

Back 48

women
65

Front 49

Some studies suggest that the _______ mineral content in men is proportional to the loss of ____ with aging. Women, howerver, exhibit a _____ loss of bone tissue after menopause.

Back 49

overall age-related loss of bone
lean body tissue
disproportionate

Front 50

_______ has been shown to be effective in attenuating this bone loss in postmenopausal women

Back 50

Estrogen replacement

Front 51

With osteoporosis susceptibility to fracture from minor trauma ____. Osteoporotic conditions affecting older adults are classified as ___ or _____

Back 51

increases
type 1 or type II osteoporosis

Front 52

____ or ______ is the most common and is associated wtih fractures of the vertebrae and distal radius. Approximately 90% of the cases of type 1 osteoporosis occur in _____

Back 52

Type I or postmenopausal osteoporosis
women

Front 53

____ or ____ is seen mostly in individuals older than 70 years of age and is meanifested primarily by vertebral and hip fractures. The incididence of type II osteoporosis is also higher in ___ with a female:male ration of approximately 2:1

Back 53

Type II or senile osteoporosis
women

Front 54

Risk facors for age-related bone loss

Back 54

white or Asian female
thin-boned
low peake bone mass
family history
menopause
alchol abuse
cigarette smoking
sedentary lifestyle
lack of calcium
chronic steroid use
vitamin D deficiency

Front 55

_______ becomes less extensible with age. Aging is associated wtih ___ and increased ____ which comprise much of the connective tissue in the joints of the body.

Back 55

connective tissue
degradation and increased cross-linkage of collagen fibers

Front 56

This increases the

Back 56

stiffness and decreases the tensile strength of collagen fibers

Front 57

______ especially in the spine, occurs with advancing age, perhaps largely because of _____________ causeing the formation the formation of scar tissue, which makes the connective tissue stiff and less reponsive to stress, thus facilitating the loss of flexibility that is seen with aging

Back 57

degeneration of joints
trauma to joint cartilage

Front 58

____ decreases with age

Back 58

range of motion

Front 59

A ______begins during young adulthood that relate to disuse, deterioration of joints, and degeneration of collagen fibers

Back 59

progessive loss of flexibility

Front 60

____ can severly restrict range of motion.

Back 60

Osteoarthritis

Front 61

Osteoarthritis occurs primarily in

Back 61

areas of the body that receive the greatest mechanical stress, thereby suggesting that it may be caused by repeated trauma rather than by aging

Front 62

Balance and postural stability are affected by

Back 62

sensory and motor system changes

Front 63

___ is one risk factor for falling.

Back 63

Poor balance

Front 64

_____ in the vestiular, visual, and somatosensory systems result in diminished feedback to the postural centers.

Back 64

Age-related

Front 65

The ___ may lack the capacity to respond appropriately to disturbances in postural stability.

Back 65

muscle effectors

Front 66

_____ and ______ are common in the elderly .

Back 66

Joint stiffness and loss of flexibility

Front 67

Aging is associated with ____________, which comprise much of the connective tissue in the joints. This increases the stiffness adn decreases the tensile strength of collagen fibers.

Back 67

degradation adn increaes cross-linkage of collagen

Front 68

_____ causes the formation of scar tissue, which makes the connective tissue stiff an dless responsive to stress

Back 68

Trauma to joint cartilage

Front 69

_____________ may increase flexibility in subjects of all ages.

Back 69

Range-of-motion exercises and static stretching

Front 70

Performance of tasks requiring ___ improves consistently through out the preadolescent and adolescent years. This improvement results from ____, the associated increases in strength and endurance, the progress of motor learning, and the development of greater coordination

Back 70

motor skilss
growth

Front 71

______ decreases with maturation development. An abrupt decrease in reaction time occurs around ___ yrs old followed by a more progressive improvement throughout the remainder of childhood and adolescence.

Back 71

Reaction time
8

Front 72

____ also improves with age

Back 72

speed of movement

Front 73

Improvement of skill following a practice session increases with age during childhood indicating

Back 73

an increases in teh capacity to integrate feedback during learning

Front 74

Gender differences in skill performance are ____ before adolescence

Back 74

minimal

Front 75

During ____ the gap widens. The performance of girls in skills requiring strength and gross motor patterns ___, wherases that of boys continue to _____.

Back 75

adolescence
platueaus
improve

Front 76

Girls often ______ boys in skills requiring fine motor pattern

Back 76

outperform

Front 77

Wide individual variation in _____ are found at all ages in both genders

Back 77

quantitative skill perfromances

Front 78

Many ____ occur with agin that affect _____-

Back 78

neurophysiologic changes
affect motor performance

Front 79

What neurophysiologic changes occur with aging that affect motor performance

Back 79

decreased visual acuity
hearing loss
short-term memory
inability to handle several pieces of info stimultaneously
decreased reaction time

Front 80

The ability to maintain performance of a motor skill at a givven level throughout middle and older adulthood depends on the

Back 80

type of skill is question

Front 81

__________________ may be maintained at the level attained as a young adult

Back 81

skils requiring accuracy of movement

Front 82

Performance of ______________ declines with age

Back 82

skills requiring speed and /or strength of movement

Front 83

______ of older adults are generally well maintained from younger adulthood. ______ during adulthood result from decreases in range of motion, reaction time, movement time, and coordination.

Back 83

movement patterns
decreases in performance

Front 84

Individuals who remain active and continue to practice motor skills can

Back 84

minimize the decline in performance that occurs with aging

Front 85

___________ generally increases form childhood to early adulthood to between 15% and 20% in males and between 20 and 25% in females. Thereafter, body fat percentage gradually ____ because of increasing fat mass and decreasing muscle mass

Back 85

body fat percentage
increases with age

Front 86

In females _____ increases during puberty to approximately 20 to 25% of body mass because of hormonally induced accumulation of fate in the breasts and around the hips

Back 86

relative body fat increases

Front 87

_______ has reached epidemic proportions and plays a significant role in may diseases, including heart disease, cancer and diabetes

Back 87

Abdominal obesity

Front 88

Physiological changes associated wtih aging contribut to

Back 88

unfavorable changes in body comp

Front 89

______ is a primary factor in teh increase of fat mass with age. ______ from physical activity declines with age, adn body fat mass increases when an imbalance occurs between caloric intake and energy expenditure.

Back 89

inactivity
Energy expenditure

Front 90

However ______ remains relatively constant.

Back 90

fat-free mass

Front 91

A progressive declin in skeletal muscle mass begins around age ___

Back 91

50

Front 92

A gradual decrease in ______ is associated wtih aging. Coupled with a more sedentary lifestyle, this typically results in a loss of ________ and a concurrent increase in the less metabolically active fat mass.

Back 92

basal metabolic rate
lean muscle mass

Front 93

During the ________ a positive nitrogen balance exists, with deposition of protein into skeletal muscle and increasing muscle mass.

Back 93

developmental years

Front 94

After ___ of age, body mass begins to decline, typically by 1 to 2 kg in the eighth decade and accelerating therafter

Back 94

70

Front 95

This decline in body mass represents a loss of ____, which exceeds the continued rise in fat mass.

Back 95

fat-free mass

Front 96

The average change in percentage body fat liner between ages ___ and ___ from both men and women.

Back 96

25 and 75

Front 97

The ____________ accumulates primarily in central areas as opposed to peripheral areas

Back 97

age-related increases in fat mass

Front 98

_______ measurements of ______, such as the ration of waist to hip circumference, ahve been linked to an _____________.

Back 98

increased
central-to-peripheral adiposity
increased risk for cardiovascular disease

Front 99

Regular ____ has an obvious impact on energy balance by increasing energy expenditure

Back 99

aerobic exercise

Front 100

Regular _____ has positive anabolic effects in older individuals, leading to the preservation of skeletal muscle mass, which cna help to slow the age-related decline in basal metabolic rate

Back 100

resistance training

Front 101

____________ can reduce the percentage body fat at any age. However longitudinal studies of highly competitive athletes suggest that exercise does not prevent an age-related increase in body fat.

Back 101

Exercise training

Front 102

Children are less efficient than adults are at temperature regulation because of the ___________________ of their immatue thermoregulatory system.

Back 102

anthropometric and functional differences

Front 103

Children consistently sweat ___ than adults. Thus, children may have difficulty makeing ______.

Back 103

less
making thermoregulatory adaptations during extreme temperature conditions

Front 104

The _____ of a child, relative to body mass, is greater than that of an adult, allowing a ________.

Back 104

surface area
greater rate of heat exchange

Front 105

In neutral or warm climates, the increased surface area may

Back 105

facilitate heat dissipation

Front 106

In _______ this increased surface area becomes a major handicap by increasing unwanted head transfer fromt eh body to the environment during cold exposure adn vice versa during exposure to heat

Back 106

climatic extremes

Front 107

______ for children is musch lower than that for adults

Back 107

Sweating rate

Front 108

Although the number of ____ in children equals the nubmer in teh adult, the rate of ___ for each gland is half that of the adult glands

Back 108

sweat glands
sweat producation

Front 109

The threshold for sweating is _____ in children than in adults

Back 109

higher

Front 110

Children ____ to hot environments less efficiently adn ____ than adults. children therefore require a _______ of exposure to a hot environmetn for acclimiatization.

Back 110

acclimatize
at a slower rate
longer and more gradual program

Front 111

__________ children are at increased risk for heat-related illness, because the rise in core temperature in proportion to the degree of dehydration occurs at a greater rate

Back 111

Hypohydrated children

Front 112

Children at highest risk for heat-related illness include:

Back 112

1. children with diseases affecting the sweating mechanism
2. children with diseases affecting the cardiovascular system
3. children wtih obesity
4. Children with a history of heat stroke

Front 113

Prevention of heat-related illness can be achieved by

Back 113

ensuring that children who participate in physical activites, especially in hot, humid environments, are properly hydrated, acclimatized, and conditioned for the exercise

Front 114

Cold injuries in children

Back 114

a. lesscommon than heat-related injuries
b. may be superficial or systemic
c. little acclimatization occurs following repeated exposure to cold.
d. physical fitness does not appear to decrease the risk of cold injury

Front 115

Prevention of cold-related injuries during exercise is dependent on

Back 115

proper clothing and limitation of exposure to cold

Front 116

The greater ratio of body surface area to mass in children results in

Back 116

greater heat loss in the cold, especially during swimming. For this reason, children exerciseing in cool water shoiuld exit adn warm up at least every 15 mins.