Chapter 21-23

Front 1

Industrial Revolution

Back 1

began in Britain and created new markets for raw materials and finished goods.

Front 2

Muhammad Ali

Back 2

Egyptian ruler who attempted to modernize economy by promoting cotton cultivation and textile manufacturing and sending young Egyptians to Europe.

Front 3

The Reform Bill of 1832

Back 3

reformed the English House of commons by lowering property qualifications for the vote.

Front 4

John Stuart Mill

Back 4

English philosopher and economist who argued for individual liberty.

Front 5

Louis Blanc

Back 5

French socialist who advocated the use of the state to rectify problems of unemployment and exploitation in the workplace.

Front 6

Louis Napolean

Back 6

nephew of Napolean 1st who was elected president of the 2nd republic before declaring emperor in 1852. Lost Franco-Prussian war.

Front 7

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Back 7

Italian nationalist revolutionary who unified Italy by conquering Sicily and Naples.

Front 8

Frankfort Assembly

Back 8

1848 to create a constitution for Germans. Elected Frederick William 4th as constitutional monarch. Refused offer.

Front 9

Otto von Bismarck

Back 9

Unified Germany in 1871 and became it's first chancellor.

Front 10

Karl Marx

Back 10

German author and philosopher who wrote The Communist Manifesto and founded Marxist branch of socialism.

Front 11

Charles Darwin

Back 11

English national historian, geologist, and creator of evolution theory.

Front 12

Crimean War

Back 12

Between Russia and Ottoman Empire. France and Britain sent troops to aid the Ottomans and prevent Russian expansion.

Front 13

Tsar Alexander II

Back 13

Emancipated the serfs.

Front 14

Emancipation Edict

Back 14

1861 edict by Alexander that freed Russian serfs. However, serfs had to pay their former owners for their freedom. Often unable to produce the money.

Front 15

Tanzimat Reforms

Back 15

Restructuring of the Ottoman Empire. Control of civil law was taken away from religous authorities while the military and government bureaucracies were organized to gain efficiency.

Front 16

Joseph Banks

Back 16

18th century English botanist on Captain Jame's Cooks first voyage in the Pacific who categorized different species of plants and brought them back to England.

Front 17

Rene Descartes

Back 17

17th century French scientist, mathematician, and philosopher who developed the deductive method of reasoning.

Front 18

Sir Francis Bacon

Back 18

16th century English politician, essayist, and philosopher. Argues inductive reasoning and bases science on inductive reasoning.

Front 19

Isaac Newton

Back 19

17th century experimental scientist who developed the universal law of gravitation. Also invented calculus and studied optics.

Front 20

Carl Linnaeus

Back 20

18th Century Swedish founder of the modern systems of botany and zoology. Classification systems are still in use.

Front 21

Enlightenment

Back 21

Late 17th century European philosophical movement that stressed the use of reason rather than the authority of ancient philosophers or religous leaders in descriptions of society and the natural law.

Front 22

John Locke

Back 22

17th century philosopher who applied Bacon's deductive reasoning to the study of politics and argued that a stable social order is based on a contract between rulers and ruled and requires safeguarding of life liberty and property.

Front 23

Laissez faire

Back 23

Adam Smith's philosophy that business and nations benefit from a free market where each party seeks to maximize its comparative economic advantage.

Front 24

Philosophes

Back 24

French intellectuals who promoted Enlightenment principles.

Front 25

Encyclopedia

Back 25

A collection of works of all the great Enlightenment thinkers. Compiled in Paris in the 18th century. Promoted a new form of universal knowledge.

Front 26

Enlightened Despots

Back 26

18th century European rulers who sought to systematically apply Enlightenment ideals to government.

Front 27

African Association

Back 27

Society founded by Joseph Banks to sponsor geographical expeditions into Africa and chart the course of the Niger river.

Front 28

James Cook

Back 28

18th century British sea captain whose three voyages to the Pacific greatly expanded European knowledge of the region. Killed by Hawaiian islanders.

Front 29

Simon Bolivar

Back 29

18th century revolutionary who was born in Venezuela and led military forces throughout present day Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, and Peru, becoming the most important military leader in the struggle for independence.

Front 30

Joseph Brant

Back 30

Mohawk leader who supported the British during the American war of independence.

Front 31

Louis XVI

Back 31

18th century King of France whose inability to adequately reform the French fiscal system laid the foundation for the French Revolution. Arrested and beheaded by republicans.

Front 32

Third Estate

Back 32

The order of French society that included most common people.

Front 33

National Assembly

Back 33

18th century revolutionary assembly formed by the third estate. Agreed on the declaration of the rights of man and of the citizen forcing the king to sign the constitution.

Front 34

Jacobins

Back 34

Radical republican faction in the French Revolution. Organized a military force that saved the republic, but their leader Maximillien Robespierre set the Reign of Terror in motion.

Front 35

Napolean Bonaparte

Back 35

17th century military commander who gained control of France after the revolution. Declared himself emperor in 1804 failed to defeat Great Britain and died in exile in 1815.

Front 36

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Back 36

18th century leader of the Hatian revolution. Under his military and political leadership, Haiti gained independence and abolish slavery. Died in exile in France.

Front 37

Congress of Angostura

Back 37

19th century congress that declared Venezuelan independence after Simon Bolivar gave an opening address.

Front 38

Tupac Amaru II

Back 38

Descendant of the last Inca ruler. led 18th century rebellion in Andes against Spanish. Defeated and executed.

Front 39

Miguel Costilla

Back 39

18th century Mexican priest who launched the first stage of the Mexican war of independence. Viewed with suspicion bu criollos and was captured and executed.

Front 40

Congress of Vienna

Back 40

19th century conference at which the balance of power of European states was restored after the defeat of Napoleon.

Front 41

Caudillos

Back 41

Latin American military men who gained power through violence during the 19th century.

Front 42

Alexander Herzen

Back 42

19th century Russian socialist and thinker who published journals smuggled into Russia that influenced radical opinion toward reform and emancipation of the serfs.