Chapter 2: Evolution, Darwinism, & Natural Selection

Front 1

Who is Darwin?

Back 1

coined the term "natural selection"
* Cambridge graduate

Front 2

Influences on Darwin (5)

Back 2

1) geology
2) Paleontology
3) Taxonomy & Systematics
4) Demography
5) Biology

Front 3

Influences from Geology (2)

Back 3

James Hutton & Charles Lyell
* study of the earth

Front 4

Who was James Hutton?

Back 4

(1726-1797)
* scottish scientist
* studied natural forces (wind/rain)
* forces must have changed the landscape in the past just as they do in the present (creates layers in strata)
**Earth must be very old

Front 5

Who was Charles Lyell?

Back 5

(1797-1875)
* principles of geology (1830)
* Uniformitarianism: geological processes obs. in present are same as those that occured in the past
- time depth necessary for evolutionary change

Front 6

Paleontology Influences (2)

Back 6

* study of fossils
1) Robert Hooke
2) George Cuvier

Front 7

Who was Robert Hooke?

Back 7

(1635-1703)
* English scientist
* discovered the cell by studying wood cork
* studied fossils
* fossils must be the remains of ancient life (made the connection)

Front 8

Who was George Cuvier?

Back 8

(1769-1832)
* reconstructed fossils
* coined term: extinction
* catastrophism

Front 9

What is catastrophism?

Back 9

regional disasters which destroy local plant & animal life
- repopulated by new forms that migrated from neighboring regions
* explained complexity in fossil organisms w/o the idea of evolution

Front 10

What is Creationism?

Back 10

* all forms of life were created by God
* species did not change
* fixity of species
* believed young earth (4400 BC)

Front 11

Taxonomy & Systematics Influences (1)

Back 11

classification of past & living forms
systematics: study of biological relationships over time
1) Carolus Linnaeus

Front 12

Who is Linnaeus?

Back 12

(1707-1788)
* classification system of plants & animals
* binomial nomenclature (Genus species)
* included humans in classification
* hierarchial classification (latin)

Front 13

The Linnaean Hierarchy: Systema Naturae (system of nature)
(7 categories)

Back 13

1) Kingdom: Animalia
2) Phylum: Chordata
3) Class: Mammalia
4) Order: Primates
5) Family: Hominidae (humans & ancestors)
6) Genus: Homo
7) Species: Sapiens (adj- thinking man)

Front 14

scientific or species name for humans

Back 14

Homo sapiens

Front 15

biological BSC: definition of species

Back 15

can breed and produce offspring

Front 16

Demography Influence (1)

Back 16

study of population esp. w/ regard to birth, survival, & death
* Thomas Malthus

Front 17

Who was Thomas Malthus?

Back 17

(1766-1834)
*An essay on the Principle of Population (1798)
* population size increases exponentially while food supplies remain stable

Front 18

Evolutionary Biology Influence (1)

Back 18

study of organisms & their changes
* Jean Baptiste de Lamarck

Front 19

Who was Lamarck?

Back 19

(1744-1829)
* biological organisms could change
* they change anatomically for SELF IMPROVEMENT
*theory of the Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics
** Lamarck was wrong....but,
* coined the term biology
* was the 1st to hypothesize how species may change
* interactions b/t organisms & environ

Front 20

Lamarck's Theory of Inheritance & Acquired Characteristics (4)

Back 20

As environment changes....
1) animal's activity patterns change
2) increase or decrease use of certain body parts
3) body parts become altered
4) new trait passed on to offspring
**trait acquired by animal in its lifetime can be passed on to it's offspring**

Front 21

Who was Charles Darwin?

Back 21

(1809-1882)
*coined "natural selection"
* voyage on HMS Beagle (1831)
- The Galapagos Island finches
- 13 species of finches on islands
- finches shared similarities/differences incl. beak shape/size

Front 22

Darwin's conclusion re: Finches

Back 22

* share common ancestor from mainland
* species modified in response to varying island habitats & diff dietary preferences
* adaptive radiation

Front 23

Darwin's Influences (5)

Back 23

Hutton & Lyell: geololgy
* sense of TIME
Hooke & Cuvier: paleontology
* how to explain change in fossil records
Linneaus: Taxonomy
* what a species is...similarities/diff b/t species
Malthus: Demography
* how selection could work in nature; competition for resources
Lamarck: Evolutionary Biology
* how species might change

Front 24

Artificial Selection (characteristics)
(4)

Back 24

1) struggle for existence - Malthus
2) traits that are adventageous will be passed on
3) traits that are disadventageous will disappear
4) differential reproductive success b/t individuals

Front 25

What is Natural Selection?
(summary)

Back 25

genetic change, or changes, in the frequencies of certain traits in populations d/t differential reproductive success b/t individuals

Front 26

Alfred Russell Wallace

Back 26

(1823-1913)
* independently suggested evolution in his 1858 paper
* spurred Darwin to finally publish his theory
* natural selection causes evolutionary change

Front 27

What is Evolution?

Back 27

the change in genetic structure of a population from one generation to the next
** the unit of Natural Selection is the INDIVIDUAL
** the unit of Evolution is the POPULATION

Front 28

What is Adaptation? (3)

Back 28

1) changes in physical structure, function, or behavior that allow an organism or species to survive & reproduce
2) functional responses of organisms to the environ.
3) result from evolutionary change & are the result of natural selection

Front 29

IN ORDER for Natural Selection to occur, a trait must... (3)

Back 29

1) be INHERITED: must be passed on from parent to offspring
2) DISPLAY VARIATION: selection can only work w/ variation that already exists
3) result in DIFFERENTIAL REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS or fitness

Front 30

Fitness/ Reproductive Success:

Back 30

Fitness:
* an individuals genetic contribution to the next generation compared to that of other individuals

Reproductive Success:
* individual born
* individual that survive to adulthood
* the # of offspring that survive to reproduce

Front 31

3 conditions for Natural Selection

Back 31

1) HERITABILITY
2) VARIATION
3) DIFFERENTIAL REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS

Front 32

Problems w/ Theory of Natural Selection: Darwin could not explain...
(3)

Back 32

1) mechanism by which parents passed on traits to their offspring
2) how variation was maintained
3) how new variation arose