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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How long is the cycle of any circadian rhythm?
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One day.
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What part of the brain is its "biological clock," and how does the region synchronize with the patterns of the outside world?
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The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus receives information about light directly from the ipRGCs (Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells) of the retinas.
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What chemical do ipRGCs (Intrinsically Photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells) use to detect light?
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Melanopsin.
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What effect do lesions of the SCN have?
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They cause the loss circadian rhythms.
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How do clock genes work?
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A clock gene is transcribed to produce protein. The protein somewhat inhibits further transcription, lessening the amount of protein in the next "batch." Thus, the next time, the gene has little inhibition.
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What does one use to measure neuronal rhythms? What does it actually detect?
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An Electroenchaphalogram (EEG) measures small differences between several pairs of electrodes.
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With extreme levels of synchronous firings, ___ (disorder) is produced.
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Epilepsy
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People are unsure if epilepsy is caused by too much ___ activity, as with glutamate, or too little ___, as with GABA.
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Excitatory, inhibition
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How does one treat epilepsy?
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One lowers glutamate levels (benzodiazepines, like Valium), ups GABA levels (MK-801, still experimental), or lowers Na+ entry (Phenytoin).
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Compare and contrast REM and non-REM sleep.
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Non-REM: An idling brain w/ moveable body, low brain energy consumption, EEG shows high voltage, but low frequency, 3/4 of sleep time
REM: Active, hallucinating (dreaming) brain, high brain energy consumption, EEG shows low voltage, high frequency, 1/4 of sleep time |
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What chemical has high levels in waking life and lows levels during sleep? What chemical blocks its receptors?
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Adenosine, caffeine
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What are the potential implications of the fact that TMS (Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation) stimulation spread through much of the cortex when the subject was awake but only through the site of stimulation during non-REM sleep?
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This could mean that there is loss of communication within the cerebral cortex during non-REM sleep.
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In what part of sleep does sleep walking occur?
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Non-Rem sleep.
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What condition induces a REM-like condition often accompanied by muscular paralysis? What is used to treat it?
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Narcolepsy. Treatment: amphetamines, Modafinil
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