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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is microbial antagonism?
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When normal microbiota compete with potential pathogens
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A few examples of microbial antagonism are when normal microbiota . . .
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consume nutrients that potential pathogens don't get, secrete antimicrobial substances, change the pH in such a way as to create an environment that potential pathogens don't like, 's presence alone primes the immune system
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axenic
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free of all germs
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tears contain
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lysozyme
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stem cells have a role in immunology by . . .
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being generative cells that reproduce via cytokinesis, and therefore sheds cells and microorganisms
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nasal mucus contains
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lysozyme
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sweat glands contain
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salt and lysozyme
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skin contains
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sebum, which lowers pH
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saliva contains
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lysozyme
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formed elements are
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cells and cell fragments
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Most numerous type of formed elements, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide
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erythrocytes
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Pieces of large cells, assist in blood clotting
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platelets
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defend against invaders, white blood cells
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leukocytes
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the two groups of leukocytes
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granulocytes, and agranulocytes
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have large granules in their cytoplasm that stain different colors
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granulocytes
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stain blue with the basic dye methylene blue
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basophils
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stain red to orange with the acidic dye:
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eosin:
eosinophils |
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stain lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dyes
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neutrophils
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also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes
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neutrophils
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can phagocytize pathogens, and can exit the blood to attack invading microbes in the tissues
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neutrophils and eosinophils
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the smallest blood vessels
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capillaries
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the process of neutrophils and eosinophils exiting the blood to attack invading microbes in the tissues
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diapedesis (to leap through),
emigration |
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involved in defending the body against parasitic worms
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eosinophils
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can leave the blood, but are not phagocytic
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basophils
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they release histamine during inflammation, an aspect of the second line of defense
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basophils
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the cytoplasm of this appears uniform when viewed via light microscopy
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agranulocytes
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the smallest leukocytes, have nuclei that nearly fill the cells
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lymphocytes
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large agranulocytes with slightly lobed nuclei
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monocytes
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Lymphocytes that function in nonspecific defense
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matural killer (NK) lymphocytes
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monocytes leave the blood and mature into
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macrophages
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phagocytic cells of the second line of defense
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macrophages
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they devour foreign objects, including bacteria, fungi, spores, and dust, as well as dead body cells
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macrophages
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They leave the blood via diapedesis and perform their scavenger function while travelling throughout the body, including extracellular spaces
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Wandering macrophages
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Macrophages that cannot wander
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Langerhans cells of the epidermis, alveolar macrophages of the lungs, microglia of the CNS, Kupffer cells of the liver
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generally phagocytize withing a specific organ, where they associate with a reticulum of fibers that join the organ's cells together
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fixed cells (macrophages that cannot wander)
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60-70% of leukocytes
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neutrophils
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2-4% of leukocytes
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eosinophil
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0.5-1% of leukocytes
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basophil
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3-8% of leukocytes
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monocyte
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20-25% of leukocytes
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lymphocytes
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The system composed of macrophages and monocytes that are attached to endothelial cells
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reticuloendothelial system or mononuclear phagocytic system
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an increase in what can indicate allergies or infection with parasitic worms
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eosinophils
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bacterial diseases typically exhibit an increase in the number of
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leukocytes and neutrophils
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viral infections are associated with an increase in the number of
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lymphocytes
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movement of a cell either toward a chemical stimulus or away from a chemical stimulus
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chemotaxis
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The process where phagocytes attach to microorganisms through the binding of complementary chemicals such as glycoproteins found on the membranes of cells
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adherence
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slippery capsules and M protein are examples of
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virulence factors
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the process of coating pathogens with either the antimicrobial proteins of complement, or the specific antimicrobial proteins called antibodies
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opsonization
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proteins of complemennt and specific antimicrobial proteins called antibodies are also called
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opsonins
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the sac around the microbe is called
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phagosome (also called digestive vesicles)
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they contain digestive enzymes and other antimicrobial substances in an environment with a ppH of about 4.0 due to the presence of lactic acid
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lysosomes
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some examples of digestive enzymes within lysosomes
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lipases, proteases, nucleases, and a variety of others
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after digestion, a phagolysosome is known as a
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residual body
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a process that is essentially the reverse of ingestion
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exocytosis
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extracellular killing is accomplished by
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eosinophils and natural killer cells
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they primarily attack parasitic helminths (worms) by attaching to the worm's surface, often binding to antibodies that themselves have bound to chemicals that are specific to the worm
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eosinophils
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an abnormally high number of eosinophils in the blood
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eosinophilia
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NK
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Natural killer lymphocytes
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a type of nonspecific, defensive leukocyte that works by secreting toxins onto the surfaces of virally infected cells and neoplasms (tumors)
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natural killer lymphocytes
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