Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders

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comorbidity

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80% of people in U.S report having this; the co-occurence of two or more disorders in a single individual

ex. anxiety & depression, bipolar & schizophrenia

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etiology

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specificable pattern of causes that may exist for different psychological disorders

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prognosis

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a typical course over time and susceptibility to treatment and cure; oversimplification rarely useful to focus on a single cause internally and that suggests a single cure

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bio-psychosocial perspective

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explains mental disorders as the result of interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors

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biological

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genetic, epigenetic, biochemical imbalances, and abnormalties in brain structure and functioning

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psychological

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maladaptive learning and coping, cognitive biases, dysfunctional attitudes, and interpersonal problems

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social factors

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poor socialization, stressful life experiences, and cultural and social inequities

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diathesis-stress model

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suggests that a person may be predisposed for a psychological disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress

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Research Domain Criteria Project (RDoC)

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a new initiative that aims to guide the classification and understanding of mental disorders by revealing the basic processes that give rise to them

- using this scientists focus on biological domains like arousal and sleep patterns, psychological domains such as attention, learning, and memory and social domains such as self-perception and attatchment

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RDoC Perspective

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mental disorders can be thought of as the result of abnormalities or dysfunction in normal psychological processes

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anxiety disorder

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the class of mental disorders in which anxiety is the predominant feature

- ex. phobic disorders, panic disorder, and generalized anxiety disorder

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phobic disorders

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disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations

ex. an individual with this disorder recognized that the fear is irritation but cannot prevent it from interfering with their everyday functioning

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specific phobia

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a disorder that involves an irritational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individuals ability to function

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specific phobias fall into five categories

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1) animals

2) natural environments

3) situations

4) blood, injections and injury

5) other phobias, including choking, vomiting, loud nosies, clowns and so on

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social phobia

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a disorder that involves and irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed

ex. public speaking, eating in public

can develop in childhood, but emerges in early adolescence, 12% men, 14% women

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preparedness theory

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idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears

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phobias can be classically conditioned as studied by John Watson

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--

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panic disorder

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a disorder characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror

more prevalent in women (7%) then in men (4%)

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agoraphobia

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a specific phobia involving a fear of public places

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panic attacks

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can be conceptualized as a "fear of fear itself"

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generalized anxieyt disorder (GAD)

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unrelenting worries are not focused on any particular threat; a disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by three or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance

6% of people in the U.S. are diagnosed with this, more prevalent in women then in men

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benzodiazepines

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class of sedative drugs appears to stimulate GABA and can reduce the symptoms of GAD

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anxiety disorder

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irrational worries and fears that undermine one's ability to function normally are an indication of

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phobic disorder

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involves anxiety tied to a specific object or situation

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obsessive compulsive disorder

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a disorder in which repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions), and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions), designed to fend off those thoughts that interfere significantly with an individual's functioning

anxiety plays role in this disorder

only 2% will develop

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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

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a disorder characterized by chronic physiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the dramatic event to mind

- about 7% of americans are estimated to suffer from PTSD at some point in their life

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mood disorders

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mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature and take two main forms unipolar depression (Depression) and bipolar disorder

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major depressive disorder (unipolar depression)

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a disorder characterized by a severely depressed mood or inability to experience pleasure that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness, lethargy, and sleep and appetite disturbance

18%, much higher in women 22%, then in men 14%

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seasonal affective disorder

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recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattterns; due to reduced levels of light in the colder seasons

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helplessness theory

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the idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable and global

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bipolar disorder

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a condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)

does not differ between men and women

lifetime risk is about 2.5%

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rapid cycling bipolar disorder

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characterized by at least 4 mood episodes every year; more common in women then in men

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expressed emotion

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a measure of how much hostility, criticism, and emotional over involvement are used when speaking about a family member with a mental disorder; related to relapses

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psychosis

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a break from reality

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schizophrenia

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a psychotic ddisorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality, altered or blunted emotion, and disturbances in thought, motivation and behavior

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positive symptoms

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(WHAT IS ADDED) thoughts and behaviors present in schizophrenia but not seen in those without the disorder such as:

- hallucinations

-delusions

-disorganized speech

-grossly disorganized behavior

-catatonic behavior

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hallucination

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false perceptual experiences that have a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation

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delusions

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patently false beliefs, often bizarre and grandiose that are maintained in spite of their irrationality

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disorganized speech

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a severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently among unrelated topics

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grossly disorganized behavior

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behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances

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catatonic behavior

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marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity

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negative symptoms

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(REFERS TO THINGS MISSING IN PEOPLE WITH SCHIZOPHRENIA) deficits or disruptions to normal emotions and behaviors (EX. emotional and social withdrawal, apathy, poverty of speech, and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation and emotions)

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cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia

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deficitis in cognitive abilities, specifically in executive functioning, attention and working memory

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schizophrenia occurs in roughly

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1% of the population

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dopamine hypothesis

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idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity

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neurodevelopmental disorders

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begin by age 14 and three quarters by age 24, begin in childhood and adolescence and if they don't you are never going to have them

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autism spectrum disorder

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a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities

occurs in 60 out of 10,000 children; boys have higher rate of this then girls by a 4:1 ratio

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adhd

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a persistent pattern of sever problems with inattention and or hyperactivity or impulsiveness that cause significant impairment in functioning

10% of boys and 4% of girls

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conduct disorder

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condition in which a child or adolescent engages in a persistent pattern of deviant behavior involving aggression against people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, or serious rule violation

12% of boys 7% of girls

meeting criteria for this means must have 3 out of the 15 symptoms

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personality disorders

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enduring patterns of thinking, feelings, or relating to theories or controlling impulses that deviate from cultural expectations and cause distress or impaired function

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personality disorders fall into 3 clusters

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1) odd/eccentric

2) dramatic/erratic

3) anxious/inhibited

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antisocial personality disorder

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a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood (describes sociopath and psychopath)

about 3.6% of population; rate of occurrence 3 times more in men than in women

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suicide

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internal self-inflicted death; 10th leading cause of death in the US, 2nd leading cause of death among people ages 15-24. takes the lives about 5 times more then aids each year in the us

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80% of all suicides occur in men, white people more likely to kill themselves with 90%

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suicide attempt

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self-inflicted injury from which a person has at least some intention of dying, occurs more freq. than deaths, 15% say tried to kill themselves, 5% admitted a suicide attempt

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women experience suicide thoughts and attempts at higher rates then men

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men are more likely to succeed in committing suicide

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non-suicidal self injury

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the direct, dileberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of any intent to die; 15-20% in kids, 3-6% in adults,

rates even between male and females