Chapter 14

Front 1

Hypothesis that explains the reason we sleep as a time to repair the body.

Back 1

Restoration Hypothesis

Front 2

Hypothesis that explains the reason we sleep as an evolutionary development of cycles in order to conserve bodily energy, and to minimize exposure to predators.

Back 2

Evolutionary Adaptive Hypothesis

Front 3

A rhythm that comes about that is roughly a day in length that include changes in body temperature, alertness, urine production, and steroid secretion.

Back 3

Circadian Rhythm

Front 4

The main biological clock (or pacemaker) that controls the circadian rhythms in mammals is the?

Back 4

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Front 5

Cues such as light (or an alarm clock) that reset the biological clock.

Back 5

Zeitgebers

Front 6

Hypothesis that explains the reason we sleep as a time to repair the body.

Back 6

Restoration Hypothesis

Front 7

Hypothesis that explains the reason we sleep as an evolutionary development of cycles in order to conserve bodily energy, and to minimize exposure to predators.

Back 7

Evolutionary Adaptive Hypothesis

Front 8

A rhythm that comes about that is roughly a day in length that include changes in body temperature, alertness, urine production, and steroid secretion.

Back 8

Circadian Rhythm

Front 9

The main biological clock (or pacemaker) that controls the circadian rhythms in mammals is the?

Back 9

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

Front 10

Cues such as light (or an alarm clock) that reset the biological clock.

Back 10

Zeitgebers

Front 11

A hormone that induces sleepiness regulated by the SCN.

Back 11

Melatonin

Front 12

How does light reset the biological clock?

Back 12

Suppressing melatonin secretion

Front 13

Direct connection in which light information reaches teh SCN.

Back 13

Retinohypothalmic Pathway

Front 14

How do electrodes measure eye movements?

Back 14

EOG

Front 15

Rhythms that are shorter than a day in length which include periods of alertness in the day, and changes in the sleep cycle at night.

Back 15

Ultradian Rhythm

Front 16

Alpha waves have a frequency of about, and what kind of amplitude?

Back 16

8-12 Hz, moderate

Front 17

Beta waves have a frequence of about, and what kind of amplitude?

Back 17

13-30 Hz, low

Front 18

Waves that are associated with arousal and alertness.

Back 18

Beta Waves

Front 19

Theta waves have a frequency of about, and what kind of amplitude?

Back 19

4-7 Hz, moderate

Front 20

Delta waves have a frequency of about, and what kind of amplitude?

Back 20

1-3 Hz, high

Front 21

Brief bursts of 12-14 Hz waves.

Back 21

Sleep spindles

Front 22

Sharp, large waves.

Back 22

K-Complexes

Front 23

Characterized by slow delta waves at a frequency of 1-3 Hz, in which a person may move around in bed, sleep walk, bed-wet, and have night terrors.

Back 23

Slow Wave Sleep

Front 24

Characterized by the eyes darting back and forth horizontally and the muscles enter a state of paralysis.

Back 24

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM)

Front 25

Stage before sleep characterized by beta waves.

Back 25

Pre-Sleep

Front 26

How long does the sleep cycle usually take?

Back 26

1 1/2 hours.

Front 27

Stage of sleep characterized by a person who falls into light sleep and is easily awakened, with a decreasing blood pressure.

Back 27

Stage 1

Front 28

Stage of sleep characterized by a relaxing body, a person who is becoming difficult to awaken, and theta waves, sleep spindles, and k-complexes occuring on an EEG.

Back 28

Stage 2

Front 29

Deep stage of sleep in which you see mostly delta waves on an EEG.

Back 29

Stages 3-4, SWS

Front 30

How many episodes of REM per night usually occur?

Back 30

4-5

Front 31

Hypothesis that explains the content of dreams as the forebrain integrating neural activity generated by the brain stem with info stored in memory; i.e. the brain engages in a combination of using info from memory to impose meaning on nonsensical random input.

Back 31

Activation-Synthesis

Front 32

The path of travel that waves of excitation take from the pons through the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus to the occipital area.

Back 32

PGO Wave

Front 33

Inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or get enough sleep to function during the day.

Back 33

Insomnia

Front 34

Disorders involving sleeping too much or sleeping at innappropriate times.

Back 34

Hypersomnia

Front 35

Disorders that characterize other activities while sleeping.

Back 35

Parasomnia

Front 36

A disorder in which individuals fall asleep suddenly during the daytime and go directly into REM sleep.

Back 36

Narcolepsy

Front 37

Situation in which the person has a sudden experience of one component of REM sleep and falls to the floor paralyzed but fully awake.

Back 37

Cataplexy

Front 38

A symptom of narcolepsy in which a patient falls asleep every 2 hours and enters REM.

Back 38

Sleep Attacks

Front 39

A symptom of narcolepsy in which a patient sudden loses all muscle tone while conscious.

Back 39

Cataplexic Attacks

Front 40

A symptom of narcolepsy in which a patient upon falling asleep or waking up, is unable to move.

Back 40

Sleep Paralysis

Front 41

A symptom of narcolepsy in which a patient experiences hallucinations upon falling asleep or waking up, and is often accompanied by paralysis.

Back 41

Hypnogogic Hallucinations

Front 42

Part of the medulla that keeps you from acting out your dreams.

Back 42

Magnocellular Nucleus

Front 43

Group of neurons that sends projections to the hippocampus, thalamus, cerebellar cortex, cerebral cortex, pons, and medulla, that is related to being active when we are faced with novel or important stimuli.

Back 43

Locus Coeruleus

Front 44

The locus coeruleus uses which neurotransmitter?

Back 44

Norepinephrine

Front 45

Brain structure associated with maintaining arousal during waking times and increases in response to new and challenging tasks.

Back 45

Reticular Formation

Front 46

The reticular formation uses which two neurotransmitters?

Back 46

Ach and Glutamate

Front 47

Cells located in the medulla and pons area that fires spontaneously at a steady rate whose rate depends on a person's level of consciousness.

Back 47

Raphe Nuclei

Front 48

The raphe nuclei uses which neurotransmitter?

Back 48

Serotonin