Chapter 14

Front 1

social psychology

Back 1

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Front 2

fundamental attribution error

Back 2

the tendency, when analyzing another's behavior, to overestimate the influence of personal traits and underestimate the effects of the situation

Front 3

attitude

Back 3

feelings, often based on our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events.

Front 4

foot-in-the- door phenomenon

Back 4

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Front 5

role

Back 5

a set of expectations about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Front 6

cognitive dissonance theory

Back 6

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) clash. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions don't match, we may change our attitudes so that we feel more comfortable.

Front 7

conformity

Back 7

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Front 8

social facilitation

Back 8

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others

Front 9

social loafing

Back 9

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

Front 10

individuation

Back 10

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Front 11

group polarization

Back 11

strengthing of a group's preexisting attitudes through discussions within the group

Front 12

group-think

Back 12

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Front 13

prejudice

Back 13

an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Front 14

stereotype

Back 14

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

Front 15

discrimination

Back 15

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

Front 16

just-world phenomenon

Back 16

the tendency to believe that the world is just and people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Front 17

ingroup

Back 17

"us" - people with whom we share a common identity

Front 18

outgroup

Back 18

"them" - those perceived as different or apart from our group

Front 19

ingroup bias

Back 19

the tendency to favor our own group

Front 20

scapegoat theory

Back 20

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Front 21

other-race effect

Back 21

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

Front 22

aggression

Back 22

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Front 23

frustration-aggression principle

Back 23

the principle that frustration - the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal - creates anger, which can generate aggression

Front 24

social script

Back 24

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations

Front 25

mere exposure effect

Back 25

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Front 26

passionate love

Back 26

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Front 27

companionate love

Back 27

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwinded

Front 28

equity

Back 28

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

Front 29

self-disclosure

Back 29

revealing intimate aspects of ourselves to other

Front 30

altruism

Back 30

unselfish concern for the welfare of others

Front 31

bystander effect

Back 31

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give if other by-standers are present

Front 32

conflict

Back 32

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals or ideas

Front 33

mirror-image perceptions

Back 33

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive

Front 34

superordinate goals

Back 34

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation