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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Meninges |
Fibrous connective tissue membranes on the brain and spinal cord |
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Dura Mater |
Outer layer of Meninges Tough, White, fibrous Lines vertebral canal Contains the Dural Sinus - Accumulates blood and returns it to circulation |
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Arachnoid |
Middle layer of Meninges Thin threadlike strands Subarachnoid Space- filled with CSF |
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Pia Mater |
Innermost layer of Meninges Thin and delicate Tightly bound to surface of brain and spinal cord |
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Spinal Cord |
Cylinder of nervous tissue that arises from the brain stem at the foramen magnum 31 pairs |
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Cervical Enlargement |
Inferior cervical region Gives rise to nerves of the upper limbs |
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Lumbar Enlargment |
In the lumbosacral region Gives rise to nerves of the pelvic region and lower limbs |
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Medullary Cone |
Inferior to the lumbar enlargment where cord tapers to a point L1 |
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Cauda Equina |
Arising from lumbar enlargement and medullary cone Bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 |
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Spinal Nerves |
31 pairs- 8 Cervical 12 Thoratic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral |
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C1-C7 |
Emerge superior to the corresponding vertebrae |
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Rest of spinal nerves |
Emerge inferior to the corresponding numbered vertebrae |
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Anterior (Ventral) Root |
Group of 6-8 nerve roots that emerge from the anterior surface of the spinal cord |
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Posterior (Dorsal) Root |
6-8 nerves that emerge from the posterior surface of the spinal cord |
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Anterior Ramus, Posterior Ramus, and Meningeal Branch |
Divisions of the nerves after they emerge from the inter-vertebral foramen |
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Roots |
Approach the Spinal Cord |
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Rami |
Lead Away from the Vertebral Column |
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Pleaxus |
Anterior rami branch and merge repeatedly to form weblike nerve plexuses |
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Cervical Plexus |
Deep in neck C1- C4 Supplies skin and muscles of the neck and shoulder, diaphragm |
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Brachial Plexus |
Deep to clavical and axilla C5-C8, T1 Skin and muscles of the UE |
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Lumbroscaral Plexus |
Lumber region of back T12, L1-L5, S1-S4 Skin and muscles over lower abdominal wall, LE, buttocks, external genitalia |
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Sensory (Ascending) Tracts |
Groups of nerves that carry sensory information from the PNS to the CNS |
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Motor (Descending) Tracts |
Groups of nerves that carry motor information from the CNS to the PNS
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Spino |
Sensory tract from spinal cord to cerebellum |
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Spinal |
Tract is motor to the spinal cord |
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Posterior Column Tract |
Transmits fine touch and proprioception to the brain |
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Spinothalamic Tract |
Transmits pain and temperature sensations to the brain |
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Spinocerebellar Tract |
Transmits proprioception to the brain |
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Corticospinal Tract |
Conscious control of skeletal muscles |
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Subconscious Tract |
Subconscious regulation of balance, muscle tone, eye, hand, and upper limb position |
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Reflex |
Quick, involuntary, stereotyped reactions of he glands or muscles to stimulation |
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Cranial Reflexes |
Controlled by one of the cranial nerves Tend to take place in the facial or head area Reflexes like constriction of the pupils in response to light |
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Spinal Reflexes |
Involves only the spinal nerves and is not processed by the brain Ex- Patellar reflex |
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Somatic Reflexes |
Response that involves a skeletal muscle contraction in response to stimuli |
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Autonomic Reflexes |
Involves response of an organ Ex- Contraction of the intestines |
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Reflex Arc |
Somatic reflex employs a reflex arc, in which the signal travels along a pathway 1. Somatic Receptors 2. Afferent Nerve Fibers 3. Integrating Center 4. Efferent Nerve Fibers 5. Effectors |
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Stretch Reflex |
When a muscle is suddenly stretched it fights back |
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Tendon Reflex |
Reflexive contraction of a muscle when its tendon is tapped |
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Ipsilateral Reflex Arc |
Sensory and motor output are on the same side of the spinal cord |
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Monosynaptic Reflex Arc |
Reflex involves one central synapse |
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Flexor/Withdrawal Reflex |
Quick Contraction of flexor muscles resulting in the withdrawal of a limb from and injurious situation |
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Intersegmental Reflex |
Input and output occur at different levels of the spinal cord |
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Crossed Extensor Reflex |
Contraction of extensor muscles in the limb opposite from one that is withdrawn Allows you to keep balance |
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Contralateral Reflex |
Input and output and on the opposite side |
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Rostral |
Toward the forehead |
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Caudal |
Toward the spinal cord |
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Cerebrum |
83% of the brain volume |
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Cerebellum |
Second largest brain region, located in posterior cranial fossa Marked by Gyri, Sulci, and fissures |
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Brainstem |
Portion of the brain that remains if the cerebrum and cerebellum were removed Diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
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Longitudinal Fissure |
Deep groove that separates cerebral hemispheres |
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Gyri |
Thick Folds |
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Sulci |
Shallow Grooves |
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Corpus Callosum |
Thick nerve bundle at bottom of longitudinal fissure that connects hemispheres |
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Blood Brain Barrier |
Strictly regulates what substances can get from the bloodstream to the tissue fluid of the brain Two heavily guarded areas- Blood Capillaries and Capillaries of the Choroid Plexus |
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Highly permiable substances in Blood Barrier |
Water, Glucose, lipid soluble substances |
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Slightly permiable substances in Blood Barrier |
Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and waste products urea and creatinine |
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Ventricles |
Four internal chambers within the brain |
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Cerebrospinal Fluid |
Clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles and canals of CNS |
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Choroid Plexus |
Spongy mass of blood capillaries on the floor of each ventricle Ependyma- nueroglia that lines the ventricles and covers choroid plexus |
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Functions of CSF |
Buoyancy, Protection, and Chemical Stability |
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Medulla Oblongata |
Begins at foamen magnum Functions- Heart rate, blood vessel diameter, breathing rate, reflex centers |
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Pons |
Anterior bulge in brain stem Cranial nerves 5, 6, 7, 8 Sensory roles and Motor roles Increases and decreases heartrate |
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MIdbrain |
Short segment of the brainstem Superior Colliculi- upper bulges control visual attention and reflexes Inferior Colliculi- lower bulges recieve signals from ear |
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Recticular Formation |
Web of gray matter that runs through all levels of brainstem Loose network of neurons and neural fibers Regulates sleep, respiration, and posture |
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Cerebellar Hemispheres |
Halves that make up the cerebellum |
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Vermis |
Connection between the right and left cerebellum hemisphere |
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Cerebellar Cortex |
Cortex of gray matter with folds |
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Arbor Vitae |
Section of white matter that helps to also hold the cerebellum together |
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Diencephalon |
Made up of Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus |
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Thalamus |
80 % of diencenphalon Two oval masses of grey matter Relay station for cerebrum impulses Touch, pressure, pain, temp Channels impulse to cerebrum for discrimination, localization, and interpretation |
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Hypothalamus |
Forms part of the walls of the third ventricle Infundibulum- A stalk that connects to the pituitary gland Major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system |
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Epithalamus |
Tin roof over third ventricle Contains pineal gland Connects limbic system to the rest of the brain |
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Cerebrum |
Two cerebral hemispheres divided by longitudinal fissure- corpus callosum Gyri increases surface area Sulci separates different lobes Transverse fissure- between cerebrum and cerebellum Cerebral cortex- Grey matter that forms the outermost portion of cerebrum |
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Frontal Lobe |
Primary Motor Cortex Motor planning, intitation of action Broca's Area- motor of speech |
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Parietal Lobe |
Primary Sensory Cortex Recieves fibers conveying touch, proprioception, pain, tempurature sensations |
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Temproal Lobe |
Wernicke's Area- Language Comprehension |
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Occipital Lobe |
Primary Visual Cortex |
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Insula |
Hidden by other regions of the cerebrum Understanding language Sense of taste Sensory information from visceral receptors |
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Projection Tracts |
Extends vertically between higher and lower brain and spinal cord centers Carries information between cerebrum and rest of body |
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Commissural Tracts |
Cross from on cerebral hemisphere through bridges called commissures |
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Association Tracts |
Connect different regions within the same hemisphere |
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Limbic System |
Important center of emotion and learning Cingulate Gyrus- Arches over the top of Corpus Callosum Hippocampus- In the medial temporal lobe, memory Amygdala- Immediatly rostral to the hippocampus, emotion |
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Basal Ganglia |
Regions of gray matter scattered throughout white matter of the cerebral hemispheres Control eye movements Gross autonomic movement Muscle tone |
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Cerebral Cortex |
Layer covering the surface of the hemispheres of the cerebrum Central sulcus separates primary and motor areas |
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Cerebral Lateralization |
The difference in structure and function of the cerebral hemispheres Highly correlated with handedness |
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Left Hemisphere |
Categorical Hemisphere Sciences and language |
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Right Hemisphere |
Representational Hemisphere Imagination and insight Comparison of sounds, sights |
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Electroencephlogram (EEG) |
Monitors surface electrical activity of the brain waves |
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Brain Waves |
Rhythmic voltage changes resulting from snychronized postsynaptic potentials at the superficial layer of the cerebral cortex 4 types distinquished by amplitude (mV) and frquency (Hz) |
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Alpha Waves |
Frequency 8-13 Hz Parieto-occiptal regions Dominate EEG when person is awake or resting Suppressed when eyes are open engaging in mental task |
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Beta Waves |
Frequency 14 to 30 Hz Front or parietal region Stimulated during mental activity and sensory stimulation |
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Theta Waves |
Frequency 4 to 7 Hz Normal in children and in drowsy or sleeping adults Predominance in theta waves in awake adults suggests emotional stress or brain disorders |
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Delta Waves |
Frequency less than 3.5 Hz Awake children and adults in a deep sleep A predominance of delta waves in awake adults indicates serious brain damage |
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