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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A needle is inserted into the subarachnoid space to withdraw CSF for both diagnostic procedures and treatments. |
Spinal Tap |
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Spinal taps are performed below L3 to avoid the? |
Spinal Cord |
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What happens when the spinal cord is severed at or above C3, C4, or C5? |
Respiratory Arrest |
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Erb-Duchenne palsy or waiter's tip position |
Injury to the superior roots of the brachial plexus (C5-C6) |
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Wrist drop |
Injury to the radial (and axillary) nerve |
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Median nerve palsy, numbness and pain in the palm and fingers. |
Injury to the median nerve |
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Ular nerve palsy, or clawhand. |
Injury to the unlar nerve |
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Winged Scapula, arm cannot be abducted beyond the horizontal position. |
Injury to the long thoracic nerve |
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Compression of this nerve is the most common cause of back pain. Because this is the longest nerve in the human body, pain may extend from the butt to the feet. |
Sciatic nerve (sciatica) |
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Herniated disc dislocated hip osteoarthritis of lumbosacral spine Pathological shortening of thigh muscles uterus pressure during pregnancy infliammation irritation improperly administered gluteal injection Sitting on a wallet for long periods |
Ways to mess up your sciatic nerve |
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Spinal cord is protected by |
Bone (vertebrae) CT (meninges) Spinal Fluid Adipose Tissue |
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Spinal cord beings at the base of the medulla oblongata at the level of the foramen magnum and terminates at? |
L2 |
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Spinal Cord and nerves contributes to homeostasis by: |
-quick responses to stimuli -Sensory input -Motor output -Integrating EPSPs and IPSPs (Excitatory Post Synaptic Potentials) |
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Tough outer most layer |
Dura Mater |
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Middle layer with web-like projections |
Arachnoid mater |
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Inner most layer; highly vascular |
Pia Mater |
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Contain somatic motor neurons |
Anterior grey horns |
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Contain cell bodies of ANS |
Lateral grey horns |
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Contain cell bodes that receive impulses from sensory neurons |
Posterior grey horns |
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Connects the left and right sides of the grey matter |
Gray commissure |
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Consists of tracts -- bundles of axons in the CNS, Sensory tracts carry impulses to the brain, Motor tracts carry impulses away from the brain |
Anterior, lateral and Posterior white columns |
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Spinal nerves send info from sensory receptors in the PNS to the spinal cord, and info from the spinal cord to...... |
effectors |
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How many pairs of spinal nerves emerge from intervetebral foramina? |
31 |
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Anterior and posterior _____ attach a spinal nerve to a segment of the spinal cord. |
Roots |
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A spinal nerve is formed from a posterior root and an anterior root that unite to form one nerve (with branches). The posterior root carries sensory fibers and the anterior root carries motor fibers. These are called..... |
Mixed nerves |
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A nerve is made up of bundles of ____ in the PNS |
Axons |
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Surrounds the whole nerve _______.
Surrounds each axon _________. |
Epineurium Perineurium Endoneurium |
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After passing through intervertebral foramina spinal nerves divide into braches known as..... |
Rami |
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Connect to ANS sympathetic ganglia |
Rami Communicantes |
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8 Cervical 12 Thoracic 5 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 Coccygeal |
Spinal nerve divisions |
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Four main nerve plexuses..... |
Cervical Brachial Lumbar Sacral |
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______ plexus is formed from the ventral rami of C5-T1. It serves the shoulders and upper limbs. |
Brachial |
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Axillary nerve innervates.... |
deltoid and teres minor muscles |
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Musculocutaneous nerve innervates...... |
Anterior muscles of the arm |
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Ulnar nerve innervates.... |
Flexor carpi ulnaris, medial-half of lexor digitorum profundis, and most hand muscles |
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Meidal nerve innervates |
Muslces of anterior forearm (exluding flexor carpi ulnaris and other muscles supplied by ular nerve) and some of the muscles of the hand |
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Raidal nerve innervates.... |
Muslces of posterior arm and forearm |
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______ plexus is formed from the anterior rami of C1-C5. It innervates the scalp, neck, shoulders, and chest. |
Cervical |
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______ plexus is formed from the anterior rami from L1-L4. It supplies the skin and muscles of the abdominal wall, external genitalia, and part of the lower limbs. |
Lumbar |
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Femoral nerve innervates.... |
Iliacus, quadriceps femoris, sartorius, pectineus |
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Obturator nerve innervates.... |
Adductor longus, adductor brevis, and part of adductor magnus, gracillis |
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______ plexus is formed from anterior rami from L4-S4. It supplies the buttocks, perineum, and most of the lower limbs. |
Sacral |
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Tibial nerve innervates.... |
Gastrocnemius, soleus, tibialis posterior, flexor digitorum longus, plantaris, flexor hallucis longus
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Common fibular nerve innervates... |
Fibularis longus muscle, tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus |
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These nerves serve the intercostal muscles, abdominal muscles, deep back muscles, and overlying skin of these muscles, including the skin of the axilla. |
T2-T12 |
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A _____ is a fast, predictable, automatic response to changes in the environment. |
Reflex |
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Reflex contraction of a skeletal muscle |
Somatic reflex |
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Reflex response involves cardiac/smooth muscle or glands |
Autonomic Relex |
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A __________ is a section of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via a pair of nerves or the trigeminal nerve. Local anesthetics can bin injected |
dermatome |
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Responds to a stimulus, sends a GP that starts an AP (if strong enough) |
Sensory receptor |
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Propagates the AP and synapses with neurons in CNS |
Sensory neuron |
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Located in grey matter of CNS. Transfers info from the sensory neuron to a motor neuron; |
integrating center |
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_____ one synapse between sensory and motor neurons |
monosynaptic reflex arc |
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______ multiple synapses between nuerons |
polysynaptic reflex arc |
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Carries the AP to an effector |
Motor neuron |
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Skeletal/cardiac/smooth muscle or glands |
effectors |
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Controls muscle tension by causing muscles relation before muscle force becomes too great. Prevents muscle damage by making you drop a heavy weight. |
Tendon Reflex |
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While enhancing balance in the opposite limb |
Crossed-Extensor Reflex |
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Causes contraction of a muscle by tapping on a tendon. Found at the elbow, wrist, knee and ankle joints. |
Stretch reflex |
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Moves on limb to avoid injury or pain |
Flexor (withdrawal) reflex |
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The brain contributes to homeostasis by
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Receiving sensory input
Integrating information Making decisions Executing responses Storing information It’s also the center for language, emotions, behavior, and creativity |
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The adult human brain has a mass of about
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11.3 kg (abt. 3 lbs)
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Four major parts of the brain |
Cerebrum (largest part)
Diencephalon Brain Stem Cerebellum |
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The brain is protected by
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Cranial bones
Cranial meninges: Pia, arachnoid, and dura materCranial dura mater is composed of 2 layers: periosteal (ext) and meningeal (int) Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
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Falx cerebri
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separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
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Falx cerebelli
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separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
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Tentorium cerebelli
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Blood flows to the brain via the vertebral and carotid arteries and flows back to the heart via the
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jugular veins
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The brain represents about 2% of body weight, but utilizes about _____ of the body’s O2 and glucose supply.
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20% |
