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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
social cognition
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use of cognitive processes such as perception, memory, and thoughts in order to make sense of others' behaviors and actions
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social schema
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coherent set of beliefs and expectations that can influence perception of persons, objects, and situations
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prototype
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we store abstract representations of typical features of a group
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exemplar
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individual memories that serve as basis for comparisons
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self-fulfilling prophecy
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expectations that casue a person to behave int he expected manner
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who did experiments on the concept of self-fulfilling properties? Describe the experiment.
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Mark Snyder--had people rate phone call friendliness after seeing picture of caller
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Greenwald and Banaji (1995)
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exp. with subliminal stereotypes of blacks on screen
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attribution
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process of making interferences about causes of behavior
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What is the trend and types of attribution?
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For others, we tend to attribute behaviors to internal properties--fundamental attribution error.
four ourselves, there ist he self-serving bias, including the actor-observer effect where the errors are due to external factors |
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Jones Harris (1967)
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exp. with essays about Fidel. Told one group readers were forced. The group still believe the essays refelect the writers' true opinions.
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covariation model
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look for factors that covaries with the behavior change; should look for consistency, distinctiveness, and consensus
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How is having an attitude helpful?
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helps our actions remain consistent; defensive function (protects beliefs); helps us use knowledge about situations
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three parts of attitude
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cognitive-knowledge
affective-emotions behavioral-predispostion, not necessarily the action |
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attitudes formed
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experience and mere exposure
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Who conducted the experiment concerning the mere exposure effect?
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Robert Zajonc (1968); pack of repeated pics, asked people which they preferred
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illusory
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truth effect; believe something after hearing it repeatedly
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attitudes changed by...
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elaboration liklihood model
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central route of the elaboration liklihood model
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high elaboration; careful processeing; change depends on quality of arguments
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peripheral route
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low elaboration; not careful processing; attitude change depends on presence of cues--source characteristics (eg., celebrity commercials)
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Festinger, Schachter, and Back (1956)
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Doomsday cult study; more devotion even though prophecy fails; we want attitude and behavior to be consistent, when conflicting there is inner turmoil; subjects didn't want to be stupid
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Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)
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male subjects asked to play with spools (dull); asked to tell others it was fun and itneresting; paid 0,1,and $20 to lie; then asked in reality how enjoyable was the study; $1 group said it was enjoyable; evidence for cognitive dissonance
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cognitive dissonance
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motivated to make cognitions and beliefs consistent with behavior
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self perception
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developed by Daryl Ben; attitude follows behavior; Freedmand and Fraser conducted exp--foot-in-the-door technique (w/ petitions); also lowball technique (start w/ low price, but not really)
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type of social influence when others increase performance, decrease performance, causes less effort
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social facilitation; social interference; social loafing
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Zajonc (1965)
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relates task difficulty and social influence by appealing to arousal
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The Kitty Genovese case illustrates what?
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bystander effect--more people, less willingness to act individually
diffusion of responsibility--someone else will do it |
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What experiments illustrate diffusion of responsibility?
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theology students--10% "Good Samaritan" speakers stopped to help someone on way to lecture
anotehr exp--seisures over intercome; if alone in room, more likely to take action |
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What experiment exhibits conformity?
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Solomon Asch: out of 3 lines which match up to example; 37% will give wrong answer if confederates give wrong answer; more the case if the pressure comes from an in-group
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Why do we conform?
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normative social influence-we want approval
informational social influence-majority opinion is a source of info |
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What is relationship bewtween pressure and size of group?
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Pressure increases as size increases, but curve levels off and even decreases a bit.
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group polarization
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group opinion becomes polarized; think politics
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groupthink
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compulsion by decision makes to mainain each other's approval at the cost of critical thinking
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What is the significance of Janis's findings?
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found groupthink happening in the government
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Give example of a cultural difference of how we perceive ourselves.
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US-independent; Japan-interdependent
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What factors go into liking and loving?
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familiarity; proximity; similarity; reciprocity
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Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love
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intimacy; passion; commitment
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What factors characterize abnormality?
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statistical deviance; cultural deviance; emotional distress; dysfunction
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insanity
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legally, it is the inability to understand right/wrong during time of the crime; used less than 1% and rarely successful
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psychopathology
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illness based on disruption or disease in bilogical machinery
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Diagnostic labeling effects
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label for psychological problem can lend itself to self fulfilling prophecy
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Rosenhan Study (1970s)
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told admissions they were hearing voices; admitten then acted normal; doctors releaseed them with "schizo in remission"; illustrates diag labeling effects
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DSM-IV
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Axis1-clinical syndromes
Axis2-personality disorders Axis3-general medical disorders Axis4-severity of stressors Axis5-overall assessment |
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Anxiety Disorders
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genralized AD; panic D; OCD; extreme phobias
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somatoform disorders
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expression of underlying psych problems through physical symptoms; hypochodriasis, somatization disorder, and conversion disorder
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dissociative disorders
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separation of one part of a person's id from another either by dissociative amnesia or dissociative id disorder; dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue, dissociative id disorder;l evidence for, diff visual acuities
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mood disorders
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major depression; biopolar disorder (manic depressive)
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dysthymic disorder
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midler form of depression but chronic; along with depression is double depression
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schizophrenic disorders
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disturbances in though processes and emotions and a distortion of reality; disorganized, paranoid, catatonic, undifferentiated
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What is positive/negative symptoms?
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+ emans present halluciations/ delusions
- means lack of normal emotions-a flat affect |
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personality disorders
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maladaptive and inflexibly; paranoid, antisocial, borderline (instability and lack of control), dependnet
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biomedical therapies
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drug, ECT, and psychosurgery
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drug therapies
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Deniker and Delay-chloromazine to treat schizo;
antipsychotic drugs-antagonists--blocks dopamine (but tardive dyskinesia side effect) antidepressants-increases serotonin; trisyclics affect norepipherine antianxiety-works on GABA-tranquilizers |
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ECT
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for depression; restart nerual firings; but memory could be lost; 50-70% success
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psychosurgery
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developed by Egaas Moniz-remove part of prefrontal lobe
cingulotomy-destroy small limbic tissues |
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insight therapies
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Freud-psychoanalysis therapy designed to bring unconcious conflicts into awareness; done with free association and dream analysis
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resistance/transference
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resistance-shows therapy is working; discomfort so mind gets defensive
transference-pts start showing liking towards psychologist |
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cognitive therapies
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Albert Ellis's rational emotive therapy-cross-examiner
Beck's cognitive therapy-co-investigator-client identifies with maladaptive thoughts |
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humanistic therapies
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client-centered therapy (genuiness, unconditional regard, and empathy)
believes there is incongruency--discrepency between self-concept and reality |
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What are other humanistic therapies?
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Perls-Gestalt therapy-not as gentle; "empty chair"-get feelings out and open up
existential therapies-problems come from choices |
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Other therapies?
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group therapy-cost effective, lets you know you aren't alone; family therapy
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behavioral therapies
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Mary Cover Jones-eliminate phobias
Conditioning and Consequences |
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systemic desensitization
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Joseph Wolpe-counter conditioning-anxiety hierarchy, techniques for relaxation, and combing the previous 2
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aversion therapy
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associate unpleasant feeling with bad habit
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token economies
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give token which could be exhanged for goods when there is good behavior; take away tokens when there is bad behavior
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punishments should be limited why?
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damage relationship between pts and therapists; only teaches what not to do; raises ethical questions
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Philadephia (Sloane) experiment testing clinical therapies
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1group-psychodynamic
2group-behavioral 3group-control-"waiting list" results-1and2 showed faster improvement but afterawhile 1=2=3 |
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meta-analysis
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many diff studies are compared statistically on some common evaluation measure; common standard, or effect size, is the standardized measure of diff between treatment and control conditions
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Smith's overall meta-analysis
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large treatment advantage; few diff between treatments
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spontaneous remission
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get better on own, but it takes longer
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