Chapter 11( Part 2)

Front 1

Functions of the adrenal cortex

Back 1

Secretes hormones made from cholesterol; called corticosteroids or corticosteroids.

Front 2

Mineralcorticoids (ZG)

Back 2

From the zona glomerulosa (superficial layer) regulate Na+ and K+ balance.

1) Example: aldosterone **Regulate Na & K

Front 3

Glucocorticoids (ZF)

Back 3

From the zona fasciculata (middle layer) regulate glucose metabolism. 1) example: cortisol

Front 4

Adrenal androgens (ZR)

Back 4

From the zona reticularis are weak sex hormones that supplement those made in the gonads. Ex: DHEA

Front 5

Zona glomerulosa (adrenal cortex)

Back 5

Most superficial layer= Mineral

Front 6

Zona fasciculata (adrenal cortex)

Back 6

Middle layer=sugar

Front 7

Zona reticularis (adrenal cortex)

Back 7

Deepest layer= Sex

Front 8

Aldosterone

Back 8

⬆️ Na+ ⬆️ water = hypertonic solution

i.e. blood pressure HTN (hypertension)

Front 9

What is a aldosterone blocker?

Back 9

****ACE inhibitors = pril (ending) Na channel blockers

Front 10

What is the job of cortisol?

Back 10

Regulating the glucose of the blood

anti-inflammatory

Front 11

Stress increases secretion of ____, which results in increased______release.

Back 11

ACTH ; glucocorticoids

Front 12

What is the stress hormones?

Back 12

Glucocorticoids, epinephrine, and CRH.

Front 13

General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

Back 13

1) good for papa recovery after stress such as an illness or trauma.

2) cortisol helps inhibit the immune system so it does not over respond.

Front 14

Thyroid gland structure is located where and has how many lobes?

Back 14

1) located just below the larynx

2) has two lobes on either side of the trachea connected by the isthmus.

Front 15

How does the body increase (TH) thyroid hormone

Back 15

Using negative feedback

TH controls

TRH =>TSH

Front 16

Thyroid home (Pregnant mother w/ Thyroid issues)

Back 16

3-4 weeks

The baby will also have issues and it will result in lower IQ for baby.

Folic acid and TH medications

Front 17

Parathyroid glands

Back 17

*despite location they have nothing to do with the thyroid

*Secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

*Hormone promotes rise in blood Ca+ by acting on Bones, kidneys, and intestines.

Antogonist=> calcitonin

Front 18

Diabetes mellitus type 1 (DMI)

Back 18

Not enough insulin

Usually starts at a younger age

Treatment: provide insulin

Front 19

Pathway when there's a ⬇️ in blood Ca+ levels

Back 19

1. Detected by the parathyroid gland

2. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted into the bloodstream.

3. Target organs that respond to PTH, or its effects;

• Osteoclast reabsorb bone tissue

• Kidney retains CA and promotes activation of inactive form of vitamin d to calcitriol, an active form of vitamin d.

• Small intestine increases absorption of more CA under the influence of calcitriol

4. Raising Ca+ release in blood inhibits PTH

Front 20

Where is the pancreas located?

Back 20

Posterior to the stomach

Front 21

Pancreas

Back 21

Endocrine and an exocrine gland (Mixed gland)

Front 22

Endocrine cells (pancreas)

Back 22

Cells are located in pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

a. Alpha cells: glucagon

b. Beta cells: insulin= ⬇️ glucose

Front 23

Glucose channels / carriers

Back 23

Glucose transfer (GLUT4)

Front 24

Diabetes mellitus 2 (DMII)

Back 24

Not enough receptors

Usually starts at a later age

Treatment: diet, insulin, medication

Front 25

Pineal gland

Back 25

Secretes the hormone melatonin

Part of the regulation of the circadian rhythms

Front 26

Gastrointestinal tract (endocrine glands)

Back 26

Several hormones are made in the stomach and small intestine to regulate digestive process; includes

Gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin

(Going into the blood but are regulating the function of the same system)

Front 27

Gonads (endocrine glands)

Back 27

Produce testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone to regulate production of gametes and secondary sexual characteristics.

Front 28

Placenta (endocrine glands)

Back 28

Produces human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) and samatomammotropin to regulate pregnancy.

Front 29

Autocrine vs paracrine signals

Back 29

Both are involved in short range signaling between neighboring cells within an organ

Front 30

Autocrine signals

Back 30

The sender and receiver are the same cell type

Front 31

Paracrine signals

Back 31

The sender and receiver are different cell types/tissues.