Chapter 11: Energy Balance And Body Weight Regulation

Front 1

Energy imbalance

Back 1

A state in which the amount of energy consumed does not equal the amount of energy used by the body.

Front 2

Energy balance

Back 2

A state in which energy intake equals energy expenditure.

Front 3

Positive energy balance

Back 3

A state in which energy intake is greater than energy expenditure.

Front 4

Negative energy balance

Back 4

A state in which energy intake is less than energy expenditure.

Front 5

Adipokines

Back 5

Hormone-like substances produced and released by adipocytes.

Front 6

Adipocytes

Back 6

Cells found in adipose tissue and used mainly for fat storage.

Front 7

Hypertrophic growth

Back 7

Growth associated with an increase in cell size.

Front 8

Hyperplastic growth

Back 8

Growth associated with an increase in cell number.

Front 9

Visceral adipose tissue

Back 9

Adipose tissue deposited between the internal organs in the abdominal area.

Front 10

Subcutaneous adipose tissue

Back 10

Adipose tissue found directly beneath the skin.

Front 11

Hunger

Back 11

The physiological drive to consume food.

Front 12

Satiety

Back 12

The state in which hunger is satisfied and a person feels he or she has had enough to eat.

Front 13

Hypothalamus

Back 13

An area of the brain that controls many involuntary functions by release of hormones and neurotransmitters.

Front 14

Neurotransmitter

Back 14

A hormone-like chemical messenger release by nerve cells.

Front 15

Catabolic neurotransmitter

Back 15

A substance released by nerve cells that inhibits hunger and/or stimulates energy expenditure.

Front 16

Anabolic neurotransmitter

Back 16

A substance released by nerve cells that stimulates hunger and/or decreases energy expenditure.

Front 17

Bariatrics

Back 17

The branch of medicine concerned with the treatment of obesity.

Front 18

Dumping syndrome

Back 18

A condition whereby food moves too rapidly from the stomach into the small intestine.

Front 19

Bariatric Surgery

Back 19

Surgical procedure preformed to treat obesity.

Front 20

Gastric banding

Back 20

A type of bariatric surgery in which an adjustable, fluid-filled band is wrapped around the upper portion of the stomach, dividing it into a small upper pouch and a large lower pouch.

Front 21

Gastric bypass

Back 21

A surgical procedure that reduces the size of the stomach and bypasses a segment of the small intestine so that fewer nutrients are absorbed.

Front 22

Ghrelin

Back 22

A hormone, secreted by cells in the stomach, that stimulates food intake.

Front 23

Appetitr

Back 23

A psychological desire for food.

Front 24

Food aversion

Back 24

A strong psychological dislike of a particular food.

Front 25

Food craving

Back 25

A strong psychological desire for a particular food.

Front 26

Total energy expenditure

Back 26

Total energy expended or used by the body.

Front 27

Adaptive thermogenesis

Back 27

Energy expended in response to change in the environment of to physiological conditions.

Front 28

Nonexercise activity thermogenesis

Back 28

Energy expended for spontaneous movement such as fidgeting and maintaining posture.

Front 29

Basal metabolism

Back 29

Energy expended to sustain metabolic activities related to basic vital body functions such as respiration, muscle tone, and nerve function.

Front 30

Basal metabolic rate

Back 30

Energy expended go support basal metabolism.

Front 31

Basal energy expenditure

Back 31

Energy expended for basal metabolism over a 24-hour period.

Front 32

Resting metabolic rate

Back 32

A measure of energy expenditure assessed under less stringent conditions than is BMR.

Front 33

Resting energy expenditure

Back 33

Energy expended for resting metabolism over a 24-hour period.

Front 34

Rebound weight gain

Back 34

Weight regain that often follows successful weight loss.

Front 35

Thermic effect of food

Back 35

Energy expended for the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients.

Front 36

Direct calorimetry

Back 36

A measurement of energy expenditure obtained by assessing heat loss.

Front 37

Indirect calorimetry

Back 37

A measurement of energy expenditure obtained by assessing oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production.

Front 38

Stable isotope

Back 38

A form of an element that contains additional neutrons.

Front 39

Doubly labeled water

Back 39

Water that contains stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen.

Front 40

Overweight

Back 40

Having excess weight for a given height.

Front 41

Obese

Back 41

Having excess body fat.

Front 42

Hydrostatic weighing

Back 42

Method of estimating body composition that compares weight on land to weight underwater.

Front 43

Dual-energy X-Ray absorptiometry

Back 43

A method used to assess body composition by passing X-Ray beams through the body.

Front 44

Bioelectrical impedance

Back 44

A method used to assess body composition based on measuring the body's electrical conductivity.

Front 45

Skinfold caliper

Back 45

An instrument used to measure the thickness of subcutaneous fat.

Front 46

Central obesity

Back 46

Accumulation of body fat within the abdominal cavity

Front 47

Metabolic Syndrome

Back 47

Condition characterized by an unhealthy metabolic profile, abdominal body fat, and insulin resistance, that increases risk for developing type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Front 48

Waist circumference

Back 48

A measure used as an indicator of central adiposity.

Front 49

Physical Activity

Back 49

Bodily movement that uses skeletal muscle that results in a substantial increase in energy expenditure over resting energy expenditure.

Front 50

Exercise

Back 50

Planned, structured activities done to improve or maintain physical fitness.

Front 51

Ob/ ob mouse

Back 51

Obese mouse with mutations in genes that code for the hormone leptin.

Front 52

ad/ ad mouse

Back 52

Obese mouse with mutations in genes that code for the leptin receptor

Front 53

Ob gene

Back 53

The gene that codes for the protein leptin.

Front 54

Leptin

Back 54

A hormone, produced mainly by adipose tissue, that helps regulate body weight.

Front 55

ad gene

Back 55

The gene that codes for the leptin receptor.

Front 56

Set point theory

Back 56

A theory suggesting that hormones regulate body weight by making adjustments in energy intake and energy expenditure.

Front 57

Adiponectin

Back 57

A hormone secreted by adipose tissue that appears to be involved in energy homeostasis; also appears to promote insulin sensitivity and suppress inflammation.

Front 58

Ketogenic diets

Back 58

Diets that stimulate ketone production.