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302 Cards in this Set
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Globe
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a spherical representation of the Earth
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Map
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a representation, usually on a flat surface, of the whole or a part of an area
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Cartographers
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mapmakers (Louis & Clark)
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Great Circle Route
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Traveling along a great circle(North or South travel will be decreased)
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Hemisphere
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one of the halves into which Earth is divided(halves)
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Latitude
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distance north or south from the equator measured in degrees(west to east/equator)
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Equator
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the parallel of degrees latitude from which other latitudes are calculated
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Longitude
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distance measure by degrees or time east or west from the prime meridian(North to South)
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Prime Meridian
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the meridian of 0 degrees longitude from which other longitudes are calculated.
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Absolute location
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the exact position of a place on the Earth’s surface.
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Northern Hemisphere
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the half of the Earth that lies north of the Equator.
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Southern hemisphere
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the half of the Earth that lies south of the Equator.
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Eastern Hemisphere
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the part of Earth east of the Atlantic Ocean including Europe, Asia, Australia, and Africa.
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Western Hemisphere
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14. Western hemisphere-the half of the Earth comprising North and South America and surrounding waters.
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Compass Rose
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a map tool that indicates direction. Cardinal directions
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Scale
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the size of a picture, plan, or model of a thing compared to the size of the thing itself.
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Physical map
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map that shows the location of natural features such as mountain and rivers.
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Topography
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shape of the Earth’s physical features
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Relief-map
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the elevation or inequalities of a land surface
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Human made-map
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made by human rather that by nature
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Political map
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a map that shows the boundaries and locations of political units such as countries, states, counties, cities, and towns
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Past Environment
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First it was ice and then great lakes.
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Hydrosphere
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The water areas of the earth
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Lithosphere
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Surface land area of the earth
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Atmosphere
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A layer of gases that surrounds the earth
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Biosphere
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The part of earth where earth exist.
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Eurasia
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A combination of Europe and Asia in the theory about Pangea
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Isthmus of Panama
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The narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking North and South America.
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Sinai Peninsula
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Situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north, and the Red Sea to the south, and is the only part of Egyptian territory located in Asia as opposed to Africa, effectively serving as a land bridge between two continents.
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Continental Shelf
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The part of a continent that extends underwater.
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Mount Everest
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The highest peak above sea level
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Dead Sea
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Between Israel and Jordan that has the deepest under sea level.
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Mariana Trench
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located in the Pacific Ocean, just east of the 14 Mariana Islands (11"21' North latitude and 142" 12' East longitude ) near Japan.
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Crust
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The most outer layer of Earth
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Mantle
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Thick middle layer of the Earth's interior structure.
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Core
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The innermost layer of the Earth
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Contiental drift
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The theory that the contients were once joined and then slowly drifted apart
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Plate Tectonics
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The terms scientist use to describe the activties of continental drift and magma flow.
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Folds
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A bend in layers of rock, sometimes caused by plate movement
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Faults
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a crack or break in the Earth's crust
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Weathering
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Chemical or physical processes, such as freezing, that break down rocks
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Eroision
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weraing away of the Earth's surface by wind, flowing water, or glaciers.
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Glarciers
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Large body of ice that moves acroos the surface of the Earth.
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Moraines
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Piles of rocky debris left by melting glaciers
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Water Cycle
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Regular movement of water from ocean air to ground and back to the ocean
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Evaporation
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Process of converting into vapor
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Condensation
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The process of excess water vapor changing into liquid water when warm air cools
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Weather
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Condition of the atmosphere in one place during a short period of time.
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Climate
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Weather patterns typical for an area over a long period of time.
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Axis
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an imaginary line that runs through the center of the Earth between the North and South Poles
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Revolution
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In astronomy, the Earth's yearly triparound the sun, taking 365 1/4 days
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Equinox
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One of the two days on which the sun is directly above the Equator, making day and night equal in length
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Tropic of Cancer
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a line of latitude about 23 degrees to the north of the equator
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Solstice
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Either of the two times in the year, the summer solstice and the winter solstice, when the sun reaches its highest or lowest point in the sky at noon, marked by the longest and shortest days
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Tropic of Capircorn
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a line of latitude about 23 degrees to the south of the equator
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Greenhouse Effect
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The trapping of the sun's warmth in a planet's lower atmosphere due to the greater transparency of the atmosphere to visible radiation from the sun than to infrared radiation emitted from the planet's surface
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Global Warming
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A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants
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Arctic Circle
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The parallel of latitude 66° 33′ north of the equator.
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Antarctic Circle
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The parallel of latitude 66° 33′ south of the equator.
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Low, mid, high latitudes
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High is above equator, low is below the equator. Mid is just in the middle.
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Prevailing winds
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A wind from the direction that is most usual at a particular place or season. It can change the whole weather.
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Coriolis effect
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the result diagonal movement, either north or south, of prevailing winds caused by the Earth'rotation.
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Doldrums
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a frequently windless area near the Equator
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Currents
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Cold or warm stream of seawater that flows in the oceans.
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El Nino
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a periodic reversal of the pattern of ocean currents and water temperatures in the mid Pacific region.
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Tropics
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Anywhere between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capircorn.
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Sahara
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the world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa
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Oasis
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A fertile spot in a desert where water is found
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Coniferous
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Relating to or part of trees or shrubs bearing cones and evergreen leaves
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Deciduous
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Shedding its leaves annually
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Prairie
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An inland grassland area
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Unitary system
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A government in which all key powers are given to the national or central government.
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Federal system
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Form of government in which powers are divided between the national government and the stateor provincal government
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Autocracy
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government in which one person rules with unlimited power and authority
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Dictator
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Monarchy
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a form of autocracy with a hereditary king or queen exercising supreme power
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Oligarchy
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system of government in which a small group holds power.
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Democracy
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Any system of government in which leaders rule with consent of the citizens.
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Traditional economy
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a system in which tradition and custom control all economic activity; exists in only a few parts of the world today.
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Market economy
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An economic system based on free enterprise, in which businesses are privately owned, and production and prices are determined by supply and demand.
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Mixed economy
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a system of resource management in which the government supports and regulates enterprise through decisions that affect the marketplace.
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Command economy
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system of resource management in which decisions about production and distribution of goods and services are made by a central authority.
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Natural resources
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Substance from the earth that is not made by people but can be used by them.
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Industrialization
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Transition from an agricultural society to one based on industry.
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Developed countries
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Country that has a great deal of technology and manufacturing.
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Culture
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Has it own custom and beliefs.Basically living in the same place.
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Ethnicity
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People who share a language and race and history.
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Demographics
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Statics about the population.
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Mount Mckinley
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a mountain in central Alaska: highest peak in North America, 20,320 feet (6194 meters).
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Appalachian Mountains
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a system of mountains in eastern North America
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Tributaries
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a stream or river that flows into a main stem (or parent) river or a lake
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Mississippi River
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the largest river system in North America.
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Great Lakes
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a collection of freshwater lakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada–United States border which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes Waterway.
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Fossil Fuels
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a resource formed in the earth by plant and animal remains
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fisheries
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an entity engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery
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Aquaculture
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the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants
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Everglades
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a natural region of subtropical wetlands in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Florida, comprising the southern half of a large watershed
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Death Valley
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a desert valley located in Eastern California. Situated within the Mojave Desert, it features the lowest, driest, and hottest locations in North America.
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Great Plains
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a broad expanse of flat land, much of it covered in prairie, steppe and grassland, which lies west of the Mississippi River and east of the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada.
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Yukon Territory
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the westernmost and smallest of Canada's three federal territories.
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Urbanization
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the movement of people from rural areas into cities.
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Suburb
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outlying community around a city.
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Urban sprawl
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the spreading of urban developments on undeveloped land near a city.
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Megalopolis
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a "great city" this is made up of several large and small cities such as the area between Boston and Washington, D.C.
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Underground Railroad
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an informal network of safehouses in the United States that helped thousands of ensalved people escape to freedom.
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Loyalists
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a colonist who remained loyal to the British government during the American Revolution.
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Maritime Provinces
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the Canadian provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island.
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Prairie Provinces
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the provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, in W Canada.
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Parliament
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In Canada, national legislature made up of the Senate and the House of Commons.
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Quebec
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a province in E Canada. 6,141,491; 594,860 sq. mi. (1,540,685 sq. km).
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Nunavut
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a territory in N Canada, formed in 1999 from part of the Northwest Territories, extending E from the Northwest Territories to Hudson Bay and including most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
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NAFTA
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(North American Free Trade Agreement)trade agreement made in 1994 by Canada, the United states, and Mexico.
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Silicon Valley
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the area in northern California, southwest of San Francisco in the Santa Clara valley region, where many of the high-technology design and manufacturing companies in the semiconductor industry are concentrated.
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Manufacturing Belt
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a term that gained currency in the 1980s[1] as the informal description of an area straddling the Midwestern and Northeastern United States, it specialized in large-scale manufacturing of consumer and industrial products.
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Wheat/corn belt
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an agricultural region predominantly dedicated to the growing of wheat.
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Ohio river
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the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River.
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Trans-Canada Highway
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a federal-provincial highway system that joins the ten provinces of Canada.
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Global economy
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generally refers to the economy, which is based on economies of all of the world's countries, national economies.
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Tariffs
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an official list or table showing the duties or customs imposed by a government on imports or exports.
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Rio Grande
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a river flowing from SW Colorado through central New Mexico and along the boundary between Texas and Mexico into the Gulf of Mexico.
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Alaska
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a state of the United States in NW North America. 400,481; 586,400 sq. mi.
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Andes Mountains
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the world's longest continental mountain range. It is a continual range of highlands along the western coast of South America.
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Mexican Plateau
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The Central Mexican Plateau, also known as the Mexican Altiplano or Altiplanicie Mexicana, is a large arid-to-semiarid plateau that occupies much of northern and central Mexico.
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Brazilian Highlands
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an extensive geographical region, covering most of the eastern, southern and central portions of Brazil, in all approximately half of the country's land area.
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Amazon River
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the second longest river in the world after the Nile. It is 4,080 miles long and runs from the Andes Mountains in Peru through Brazil to the Atlantic Ocean.
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Rio de la Plata
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the river and estuary formed by the confluence of the Uruguay River and the Paraná River on the border between Argentina and Uruguay.
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Amazon Basil
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the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries that drains an area of about 6,915,000 square kilometres ,or roughly 40 percent of South America.
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Atacama Desert
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a plateau in South America, covering a 600-mile strip of land on the Pacific coast, west of the Andes mountains.
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Indigenous
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Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native: "the indigenous peoples of Siberia".
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Yucatan Peninsula
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Yucatan: a peninsula in Central America extending into the Gulf of Mexico between the Bay of Campeche and the Caribbean Sea.
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Mayans
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Mexico City
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The capital of Mexico, in the south central part of the city; pop. 13,636,000.
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Tenochitlan
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Tenochtitlan or Tenochtitlan Mexico) was a Nahua altepetl (city-state) located on an island in Lake Texcoco, in the Valley of Mexico
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Conquistador
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A conqueror, esp. one of the Spanish conquerors of Mexico and Peru in the 16th century
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Cortez-Artez
Perzario-inca |
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Viceroy
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A ruler exercising authority in a colony on behalf of a sovereign
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Rio de Jineiro
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A state in eastern Brazil, on the Atlantic coast
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Sao Paulo
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an ultramodern city in southeastern Brazil; the largest city in South America
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Buenos Aries
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The capital city and chief port of Argentina, in the eastern central part of the country, on the Plata River; pop. 2,961,000
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Cuba
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A country in the western West Indies, the largest and furthest west of the islands, in the Caribbean Sea at the mouth of the Gulf of Mexico; pop. 11,308,000; capital, Havana; official language, Spanish
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Dominican Republic
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A country in the Caribbean Sea that occupies the eastern part of the island of Hispaniola; pop. 8,830,000; capital, Santo Domingo; official language, Spanish
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West Indies
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A chain of islands that extends from the Florida peninsula to the coast of Venezuela and lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. They consist of three main island groups: the Greater and Lesser Antilles and the Bahamas, with Bermuda lying further to the north. Originally inhabited by Arawak and Carib Indians, the islands were visited by Columbus in 1492 and named by him in the belief that he had reached the coast of India. The islands now consist of a number of independent states and British, French, Dutch, and US dependencies
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Hispanola
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An island in the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean Sea, divided into the countries of Haiti and the Dominican Republic. After its European discovery by Columbus in 1492, Hispaniola was colonized by the Spaniards, who ceded the western part (now Haiti) to France in 1697
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Panama
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A wide-brimmed hat of strawlike material, originally made from the leaves of a particular tropical palm tree, worn chiefly by men
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Haiti
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A country in the Caribbean Sea that occupies the western third of the island of Hispaniola; pop. 7,600,000; capital, Port-au-Prince; official languages, Haitian Creole and French
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Puerto Rico
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An island in the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean Sea; pop. 3,808,610; capital, San Juan. One of the earliest Spanish settlements in the New World, it was ceded to the US in 1898 after the Spanish-American War. In 1952 it became a commonwealth in voluntary association with the US with full powers of local government.
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Columbia
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A river that rises in the Rocky Mountains of southeastern British Columbia and flows for 1,230 miles
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Guatemala
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a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast.
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Hondrarus
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a republic in Central America: an early centre of Mayan civilization; colonized by the Spanish from 1524 onwards
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GDP
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gross domestic product.
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Final good and services
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tijuana
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a city in NW Mexico, on the Mexico-U.S. border
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Coasta Rica
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a republic in Central America, between Panama and Nicaragua. 3,534,174; 19,238 sq. mi.
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Santiago
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City in and the capital of Chile, in the central part. 1,759,087
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Glaciation
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to cover with ice or glaciers.
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Rhine
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a river flowing from SE Switzerland through Germany and the Netherlands into the North Sea
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Po
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Australia and New Zealand .
a chamber pot. |
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Loess
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a loamy deposit formed by wind, usually yellowish and calcareous, common in the Mississippi Valley and in Europe and Asia.
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Baltic Sea
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a sea in N Europe, bounded by Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, and Germany. about 160,000 sq. mi.
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North Sea
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an arm of the Atlantic between Great Britain and the European mainland. about 201,000 sq. mi.
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Mediterranean Sea
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a sea surrounded by Africa, Europe, and Asia. 2400 miles (3865 km) long; 1,145,000 sq. mi. (2,965,550 sq. km);
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British Isles
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a group of islands in W Europe: Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, and adjacent small islands.
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Aegean Sea
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an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea located between the southern Balkan and Anatolian peninsulas, i.e., between the mainlands of Greece and Turkey.
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Danube River
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a river in Central Europe, the continent's second longest after the Volga.
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Black Sea
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a sea between Europe and Asia, bordered by Turkey, Romania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Georgia, and the Russian Federation.
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Permafrost
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(in arctic or subarctic regions) perennially frozen subsoil.
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United Kingdom
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a kingdom in NW Europe, consisting of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
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Ireland
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An island in the British Isles that lies west of Great Britain, divided between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland.
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Iceland
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A country in the north Atlantic Ocean.
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Norway
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a country located in Northern Europe on the western and northern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula, bordering the North Sea in southwest.
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Sweden
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A country in northern Europe, on the Scandinavian peninsula.
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Finland
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A country in northern Europe.
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Denmark
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a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe.
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Immigrant
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A person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country.
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Refugees
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A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.
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Feudalism
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The dominant social system in medieval Europe, in which land granted by the Crown to the nobility was in turn held by vassals
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Reformation
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The action or process of reforming an institution or practice.
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Enlightenment
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The action of enlightening or the state of being enlightened.
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Industrial Revolution
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a period from 1750 to 1850 where changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times.
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Communism
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hypothetical classless, moneyless, stateless social order structured upon common ownership of the means of production, as well as a social, political and economic ideology that aims at the establishment of this social order.
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Cold War
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a continuing state of political and military tension between the powers of the Western world, led by the United States and its NATO allies, and the communist world, led by the Soviet Union, its satellite states and allies.
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European Union
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an economic and political union or confederation of 27 member states which are located primarily in Europe.
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Welfare states
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a "concept of government in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens.
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Romanticism
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an artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Europe and strengthened in reaction to the Industrial Revolution.
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France
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a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans.
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Netherlands
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a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean.
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Belgium
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a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.
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Switzerland
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a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities.
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Crusades
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a series of religious expeditionary wars blessed by the Pope and the Catholic Church, with the main goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem.
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Reparations
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the legal philosophy
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Holocaust
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was the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II, a programme of systematic state-sponsored murder by Nazi Germany, led by Adolf Hitler, throughout Nazi-occupied territory.
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Luxembourg
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a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany.
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Realism
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a philosophy of mind is rooted in the "common sense" philosophy of perception known as naive realism, which has been developed as "direct" realism when distinguished from representative realism, the view that we cannot perceive the external world directly.
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Impressionism
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a 19th-century art movement that originated with a group of Paris-based artists whose independent exhibitions brought them to prominence during the 1870s and 1880s in spite of harsh opposition from the art community in France.
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Italy
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a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north, it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Slovenia along the Alps.
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Spain
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a sovereign state and a member of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
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Andorra
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a small landlocked country in southwestern Europe, located in the eastern Pyrenees mountains and bordered by Spain and France.
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Greece
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a country in Southern Europe, politically also considered part of Western Europe.
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Portugal
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a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
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Vatican City
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a landlocked sovereign city-state whose territory consists of a walled enclave within the city of Rome, Italy.
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City-State
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an independent or autonomous entity whose territory consists of a city which is not administered as a part of another local government.
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Rennaissance
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a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.
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Serbia
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a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe, covering the southern part of the Carpathian basin and the central part of the Balkans.
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Montenegro
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a country located in Southeastern Europe. It has a coast on the Adriatic Sea to the south-west and is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the northeast, Albania to the southeast, and Kosovo to the east.
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Bosnia
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a country in Southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. Its capital and largest city is Sarajevo.
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Herzegovina
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the southern region of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
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Croatia
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a unitary democratic parliamentary republic in Europe at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Mediterranean.
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Slovenia
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a country in Central Europe touching the Alps and bordering the Mediterranean.
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Macedonia
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a country located in the central Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. It is one of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, from which it declared independence in 1991.
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Czech Republic
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a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Germany to the west, Poland to the north, Austria to the south and Slovakia to the east.
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Poland
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a country in Central Europe, bordered by Germany to the west.
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Hungary
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a landlocked country in Central Europe.
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Slovakia
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a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about 49,000 square kilometres
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Ukraine
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a country in Central and Eastern Europe. Ukraine borders the Russian Federation to the east and northeast, Belarus to the northwest, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary to the west, Romania and Moldova to the southwest, and the Black Sea and Sea of Azov to the south and southeast, respectively.
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Latvia
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a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.
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Estonia
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a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.
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Lithuania
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a country in Northern Europe, the largest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark.
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Bulgaria
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a parliamentary republic in Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east.
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Belarus
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a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered clockwise by Russia to the northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest.
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Romania
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a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea.
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Balkanization
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a geopolitical term, originally used to describe the process of fragmentation or division of a region or state into smaller regions or states that are often hostile or non-cooperative with each other, and it is considered pejorative.
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Ethnic cleansing
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a purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas.
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Farm cooperatives
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Two farms that work together to produce much of food.
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Genetically modified foods
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foods derived from genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Genetically modified organisms have had specific changes introduced into their DNA by genetic engineering techniques.
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Organic farming
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the form of agriculture that relies on techniques such as crop rotation, green manure, compost and biological pest control.
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Maastricht Treaty
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signed on 7 February 1992 by the members of the European Community in Maastricht, Netherlands.On 9–10 December 1991, the same city hosted the European Council which drafted the treaty.[
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Straight of Gibralter
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a narrow strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Spain in Europe from Morocco in Africa.
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Caucasus Mts.
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a mountain system in Eurasia between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea in the Caucasus region.
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Atlas Mts.
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a mountain range across a northern stretch of Africa extending about 2,500 km (1,600 mi) through Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.
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Arabian Peninsula
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a land mass situated north-east of Africa. Also known as Arabia or the Arabian subcontinent, it is the world's largest peninsula.
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Persian Gulf
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in Western Asia, is an extension of the Indian Ocean located between Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula.
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Sinai Peninsula
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a triangular peninsula in Egypt about 60,000 km2 (23,000 sq mi) in area. It is situated between the Mediterranean Sea to the north, and the Red Sea to the south, and is the only part of Egyptian territory located in Asia as opposed to Africa, effectively serving as a land bridge between two continents.
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Dead Sea
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a salt lake bordering Jordan to the east and Israel and the West Bank to the west.
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Caspian Sea
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the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area, variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea.
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Aral Sea
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a lake that lay between Kazakhstan (Aktobe and Kyzylorda provinces) in the north and Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region of Uzbekistan, in the south.
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Nile River
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a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa, generally regarded as the longest river in the world.
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Tigris River
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1,850 km long, rising in the Taurus Mountains of eastern Turkey about 25 km southeast of the city of Elazig and about 30 km from the headwaters of the Euphrates.
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Euphrates River
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the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia. Together with the Tigris, it is one of the two defining rivers of Mesopotamia.
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Sahara
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the world's largest hot desert and second largest desert, after Antarctica.
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Pastoralism
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the branch of agriculture concerned with the raising of livestock.
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Great Rift Valley
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the continuous geographic trench, approximately 6,000 kilometres (3,700 mi) in length, that runs from northern Syria in Southwest Asia to central Mozambique in South East Africa.
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Lake VIctoria
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one of the African Great Lakes. The lake was named after Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, by John Hanning Speke, the first European to discover this lake.
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Niger River
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the principal river of western Africa, extending about 4,180 km (2,600 mi). Its drainage basin is 2,117,700 km2 (817,600 sq mi) in area.
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Delta
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a landform at the mouth of a river
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Congo River
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(in the past also known as the Zaire River) is a river in Africa, and is the deepest river in the world, with measured depths in excess of 220 m (720 ft).
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Estuary
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a partly enclosed coastal body of water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea.
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Savanna
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a grassland ecosystem characterized by the trees being sufficiently small or widely spaced so that the canopy does not close.
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Namib Desert
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a coastal desert in southern Africa. The name Namib is of Nama origin and means "vast place".
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Kalahari Desert
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a large semi-arid sandy savannah in Southern Africa extending 900,000 square kilometres (350,000 sq mi), covering much of Botswana and parts of Namibia and South Africa.
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patriarchal
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a social system in which the male gender role acts as the primary authority figure central to social organization, and where fathers hold authority over women, children, and property.
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Nuclear family
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A term used to define a family group consisting of a pair of adults and their children.
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Apartheid
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a system of racial segregation enforced through legislation by the National Party governments of South Africa between 1948 and 1994, under which the rights of the majority non-white inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and white supremacy and Afrikaner minority rule was maintained.
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Universal suffrage
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Although suffrage has two necessary components, the right to vote and opportunities to vote, the term universal suffrage is associated only with the right to vote and ignores the other aspect, the frequency that an incumbent government consults the electorate.
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Subsistence farming
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is self-sufficiency farming in which the farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves and their families.
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Commercial farming
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is large-scale production of crops for sale, intended for widespread distribution to wholesalers or retail outlets. In commercial farming crops such as wheat, maize, tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana, cotton are harvested and sold into world markets.
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Cash crop
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a crop which is grown for profit.
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Zimbabwe
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is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the African continent, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers.
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South Africa
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is a country located at the southern tip of Africa.
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E-commerce
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commonly known as e-commerce, ecommerce, eCommerce or e-comm, refers to the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks.
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Somalia
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is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory
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Ethiopia
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is a country located in the Horn of Africa.
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Djibouti
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is a country in the Horn of Africa. It is bordered by Eritrea in the north, Ethiopia in the west and south, and Somalia in the southeast.
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Poaching
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is the illegal taking of wild plants or animals contrary to local and international conservation and wildlife management laws.
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Himalaya
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a mountain range extending 1500 miles on the border between India and Tibet; this range contains the world's highest mountain.
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Ganges River
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a trans-boundary river of India and Bangladesh. The 2,525 km (1,569 mi) river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand, and flows south and east through the Gangetic Plain of North India into Bangladesh, where it empties into the Bay of Bengal.
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Indus River
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a major river which flows through Pakistan. It also has courses through China and India.
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Bay of Bengal
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the largest bay in the world, forms the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean. Roughly triangular in shape, it is bordered mostly by India and Sri Lanka to the west, Bangladesh to the north, and Burma (Myanmar) and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands to the east.
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Tsunami
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a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water, typically an ocean or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and other underwater explosions (including detonations of underwater nuclear devices), landslides, glacier calvings, meteorite impacts and other disturbances above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami.
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Korean Peninsula
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a peninsula in East Asia. It extends southwards for about 684 miles (1,100 km) from continental Asia into the Pacific Ocean and is surrounded by the Sea of Japan to the east, and the Yellow Sea to the west, the Korea Strait connecting the first two bodies of water.
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Archipelago
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sometimes called an island group, is a chain or cluster of islands. The word archipelago is derived from the Greek
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Gobi
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a large desert region in Asia. It covers parts of northern and northwestern China, and of southern Mongolia.
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Huang He
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the second-longest river in China after the Yangtze and the sixth-longest in the world at the estimated length of 5,464 kilometers (3,395
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Loess
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an aeolian sediment formed by the accumulation of wind-blown silt, typically in the 20–50 micrometre size range, twenty percent or less clay and the balance equal parts sand and silt [1] that are loosely cemented by calcium carbonate.
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Chang Jiang
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the longest river in Asia, and the third longest in the world. It flows for 6,418 kilometres (3,988 mi) from the glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau in Qinghai eastward across southwest, central and eastern China before emptying into the East China Sea at Shanghai.
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Taiwan
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a state in East Asia.
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Monsoon
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traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation, but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea.
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Typhoon
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a mature tropical cyclone that develops in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean between 180° and 100°E. This region is referred to as the northwest Pacific basin
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Dynasty
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A line of hereditary rulers of a country
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Homogeneous
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To stay the same place and be very much alike
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Tokyo
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A city central in Japan
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Shogun
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A hereditary commander in chief in feudal Japan.
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Samurai
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A member of a powerful military caste in feudal Japan.
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Nagasaki
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A city in southwestern Japan, on western Kyushu island; pop. 445,000.
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Hiroshima
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A city in southwestern Japan, on island of Honshu; pop. 1,086,000; the target of the first atom bomb, dropped by US on August 6, 1945.
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Tibet
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A mountainous region in Asia on the northern side of the Himalayas, since 1965 forming an autonomous region in the west of China
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Aborigines
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A person, animal, or plant that has been in a country or region from earliest times
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mongolia
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A country in eastern Asia.
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Shanghai
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the largest city by population of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the largest city proper by population in the world.
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Bejing
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the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010.
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Tianjin
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a metropolis in northern China and one of the five national central cities of the People's Republic of China.
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Guangzhou
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the capital and largest city of the Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China. Located in southern China on the Pearl River, about 120 km (75 mi) north-northwest of Hong Kong, Guangzhou is a key national transportation hub and trading port.
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Haiku
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a very short form of Japanese poetry typically characterised by three qualities
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Acculturation
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explains the process of cultural and psychological change that results following meeting between cultures
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Seoul
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the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea.
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Pyongyang
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the capital of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly known as North Korea, and the largest city in the country.
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Cultural divergence
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the tendency for cultures to become increasingly dissimilar with time
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Commune
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A group of people living together and sharing possessions and responsibilities.
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Cooperative
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A farm, business, or other organization that is owned and run jointly by its members, who share the profits or benefits.
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Merchant Marines
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is the fleet of U.S. civilian-owned merchant vessels, operated by either the government or the private sector, that engage in commerce or transportation of goods and services in and out of the navigable waters of the United States.
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Trade surplus
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A positive balance is known as a trade surplus if it consists of exporting more than is imported
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Trade deficit
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a negative balance is referred to as a trade deficit or, informally, a trade gap.
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Dissidents
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is a person who actively challenges an established doctrine, policy, or institution. When dissidents unite for a common cause they often effect a dissident movement.
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Economic sanctions
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are domestic penalties applied by one country (or group of countries) on another for a variety of reasons.
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WTO
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an organization that intends to supervise and liberalize international trade.
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CFC
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a composite carbon based material, used in fusion armour applications.
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Aquaculture
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also known as aquafarming, is the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants
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