Chapter 1 + Scr Article

Front 1

ABA IS...

Back 1

- the scientific approach to improving socially significant behaviour

- involves assessing and modifying current environmental events that are functionally related to a behaviour of interest

- ALL trtmt implemented must be based on sic research

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ABA cont'd

Back 2

-modifications in trtmt are based on data (DATA based decision making)

- whatever you put into practice you must know that it work- data in practice YOU are accountable for the outcomes and constantly re-evaluating the program

Front 3

Characteristics of ABA

1. Applied

Back 3

- investigative socially significant behaviour with an immediate importance to the individual

-The research focuses on problems or challenges of social importance as opposed to abstract laboratory research

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2. Behavioural

Back 4

- the measurement of the actual behaviour

- the focus is on objectively observing and measuring what people say and do, as opposed to less objective measures

Front 5

3. Analytic

Back 5

- the research demonstrates experimental control

- functional and replicable relationship

-demonstrate functional relationships between interventions and behaviour change

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4. Technological

Back 6

- precise description of all procedures to ensure replicability (operational definition)

-the procedures used in the research to bring about the behaviour change must be operationally defined so that others can replicate and implement them

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5. Conceptual

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- systematic interventions are derived from basic principles of behaviour ( eg. reinforcement, extinction, punishment, stimulus control)

-procedures must be clearly based on conceptual principles of behaviour analysis

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6. Effective

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- extent to which changes in the target behaviours result in noticeable or significant changes

- outcomes are substantial enough to result in significant benefit to those involved

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7. Generality

Back 9

-produces behaviour change that last over time, across behaviours and across environments

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Misconceptions of ABA

Back 10

- ABA=DTT

- produces robotic behaviour

-only implemented in controlled settings

- BCBA's don't care about emotions or inner processes

-ABA ONLY related to autism

- can only be applied to "problem behaviour"

-All bcbas or Bcabas are made equal

Front 11

Applications of ABA

Back 11

- developmental disabilities

- mental illness

- education and special education

- clinical psychology

- self- management

- prevention

- occupational safety

- sports performance

- health related- gerontology

- brain injury

- addictions and gambling

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Scientific Research

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- the systematic process for asking and answering questions

- start with some questions/ hypothesis to investigate then conduct experiments to attempt to find an answer

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Single Case Research Methods

SCR

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- category of experimental research techniques for investigating and demonstrating a CAUSAL or FUNCTIONAL relationship between the IV and DV's.

- evaluating a causal effect and demonstrating control with ONE SUBECT- your control is the same subject as experimental- nothing to do with sample size

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IV

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- things like interventions, what the researcher controls or manipulates as part of the study

EG. instructional techniques, behavioural consequences, changes in context, setting

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DV

Back 15

- things we observe and measure to determine if the IV/ Intervention had an effect. The measured change

- eg. children's social interactive behaviours, student performance

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Functional Relationship

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- we have demonstrated that the IV/ Intervention reliably produces change in the DV

- in ABA- functional relationship is KEY

Front 17

Group Comparison Experiment Designs (GC)

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- involves selecting larger groups of participants, some receive intervention and some don't

-population of interest is identified and individuals randomly selected and assigned to experimental or control groups

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Experimental group

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- receives some type of intervention/training aimed at improving their skills

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Control group

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- either no intervention or the typical intervention that is provided in that settings (the most basic kind)

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Single CASE vs. GC

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SC- measuring change in the specific individual and making data based decisions. you evaluate as you implement it , NOT just implementing it and seeing what happens

GC- you are comparing two different groups one with the intervention one without. After completing intervention, groups compared using statistical analysis

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GC- Deductive Approach

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- because the hypothesis is formulated based on theoretical framework and the experiment is conducted

results are analyzed to determine if they do or do no support the hypothesis.

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Limitations of Group Comparison (GC)

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1. may be difficult to get enough participants to be able to randomly sample them

2. Ethical concerns of withholding treatment from the control group

3. statistical analysis involves computing means and averages. LITTLE to no information is known about the individual

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Historical Backgrounds

1. Pavlov

2. Watson

3. Skinner

Back 23

1. pav- respondent/ classical conditioning. responses are elicited by a particular stimulus

2. Watson- started behaviourism. Making the study of behaviour as natural and objective a science as possible

3.Skinner- operant conditioning- stimuli set the occasion for responses to occur, which are then followed by particular consequences which influences the likelihood the response will occur again

Front 24

Sidman - Direct vs. Systematic Replication

1. Direct

Back 24

1. Direct-- implementing the same intervention or IV with original or new participants to determine if the same results are obtained. within subject

* most SCR uses direct replication of exp effects either within or between participants

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2. Systematic

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- implementing intervention but with some differences (diff intervention, population, settings)

across subjects or across environs

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4 Primary reasons to Conduct Experiments - SIDMAN

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1. To evaluate hypothesis- typical approach

2. To indulge in the investigators curiosity about nature

3. to try out new experimental methods- different ways of collecting/analyzing data

4. to establish the existence of a behavioural phenomenon

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SCR - inductive approach

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response guided experimentation

-- researchers make changes in relevant variables in response to variations in participant behaviour

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Features/ Indicators of SSR Designs

1. Description of Participants/ Settings

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-May include one participant but typically includes a few- they serve as their OWN CONTROL

- description of selecting participants is sufficient to select other similar to them

- replicable precision to select participants and replicable features of the setting

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2. DV

ABCD

Back 29

-mostly a form of observable behaviour that is being measured

A. DV are operationally defined to allow for replication

B. DV measured repeatedly within and across controlled conditions

C. DV recording is assessed for consistency through IO agreement (reliability)

D. DV is selected for their social significanc

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3. IV

Back 30

-practice, intervention, behavioural mechanism

- to document experimental control, the IV is ACTIVELY rather than passively manipulated

- described with replicable precision

- systematically manipulated by experimenter

-overt measurement of the fidelity for IV is highly desirable

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4. Baseline

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-compare performance during baseline condition with performance under intervention (baseline is similar to "treatment as usual"l condition

-provides repeated measurement of a DV and establishes pattern of responding that can be used to predict future performance if the IV did not occur

-BL conditions described with replicable precision

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5. Experimental Control/ Internal Validity

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-at least THREE demonstrations of experimental effect at THREE different points of time to show experimental control/ internal validity

-design controls for common threats to internal validity

- results document a pattern which demonstrates experimental control

-experimental control when you can introduce and withdraw/ reverse the IV

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6.External Validity

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- experimental effects are replicated across participants, settings and materials

-external validity is enhanced through replication

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7. Social Validity

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- the DV is socially imporant- has high social importance

- the magnitude of change in the DV is socially important

- implementation of the IV is practical and cost efficient

-SV enhanced by implementation of the IV over extended periods of time, by typical intervention agents in typical physical/social settings