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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Anatomy
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The science of body structures and their relationships
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The first field of anatomy was studied via...
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Dissection
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Macroscopic
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Cutting apart body structures to study their relationship
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Physiology
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The science of body functions - how body parts work
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Gross Anatomy
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The study of large or easily observable structures ("macroscopic")
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Morphology
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The study of shape
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Systemic
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The study of specific organ systems
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Developmental
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Growth and development of an organism during its lifetime (includes embryology, fetology, and neonatology)
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Comparative
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Similarities and differences between humans and other animals
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Clinical Anatomy
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Includes sub-disciplines such as medical, radiographic, and surgical anatomy
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Microscopic
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With the aid of a microscope [includes cytology (cells) and histology (tissue)]
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Physiology
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Often systemic in nature
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Neurophysiology
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Functional properties of nerve cells
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Immunology
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The study of the body's defense against disease
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Pathophysiology
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Functional change associated with disease and age
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Exercise Physiology
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The study of changes in the functions of cells and/or organs as a result of muscular activity
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Atom
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The smallest unit of matter (the properties of the atom are based on an element)
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Molecule
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Two or more atoms joined together via chemical bonds (ex. water, glucose)
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Cell
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The basic structural and function unit of an organism
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Organelles
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The structural and functional component of cells (they are smaller than cells)
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Tissue
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A group of cells (with more than one type of cell able to be present) and their surrounding materials working together to perform one or more specific functions
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There are ___ different types of tissue
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Four
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Organ
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Different kinds of tissues joined and working together toward a common goal (ex. heart, stomach, skin, muscle, bone)
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Organ System
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Groups of related organs (or parts) the work together to perform a singular function
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Organism
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The completed, integrated, functional, living (human) body. The culmination of all the body parts functioning as a singular unit
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Palpation
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Feeling body surfaces with the hands
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Auscultation
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Listening to body sounds
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Percussion
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Tapping the body surface with fingertips and listening to resulting echo
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Inspection
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Non-invasive technique
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Autopsy
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Postmortem examination of the body and dissection of its internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death
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Integumentary System
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Components: skin, hair, nails, sweat, and oil glands
Functions: protection, regulation, elimination, production, sensation |
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Skeletal System
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Components: bones, joints, cartilages, associated ligaments, bone marrow
Functions: support and protection, storage, hemopoiesis |
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Muscular System
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Components: skeletal muscles, associated tendons
Functions: movement, protection and support, heat production |
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Nervous System
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Components: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, special sense organs
Functions: regulation (activity), detection, interpretation, facilitation of contraction ro secretion (response) |
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Nonliving
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Was never alive
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Dead
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Had been alive at one time
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Metabolism
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The sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the (human) body [can be divided into two categories: Catabolism and Anabolism]
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Catabolism
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"throwing down"; The process of breaking down complex chemical substances into simpler chemical substances [ex. (microscopic) cellular respiration, (macroscopic) gross digestion]
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Anabolism
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"raising up"; The process of building up simpler chemical substances into more complex chemical substances (ex. complex carbs from simple sugars, the making of proteins from amino acids)
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Responsiveness (Irritability)
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The ability to sense changes or "stimuli" in both internal and/or external environments (ex. moistening in the mouth from increased salivation due to the smell of food)
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The responsiveness that is exhibited from muscle, gland, and CT cells...
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Contraction, secretion, and differentiation
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CT is an abbreviation for...
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Connective tissue
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Movement
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Includes all of the activites promoted by the muscular system [ex. muscles pull on supports (bones) which allow for actions such as walking, running, chewing, etc.]
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Organ Activity
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The movement or propulsion of "something" through a system (usually some sort of tube system; blood, urine, food)
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Cellular Activity
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Contractility (ex. muscle cells have the ability to shorten in length)
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Intracellular Activity
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Movement within the cell (microfilaments contract and form a cleavage furrow)
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Growth
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See an increase in size of a body part of the entire organism (ex. bones lengthen with age)
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A type of cellular division
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Mitosis
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Differentiation
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Cells undergo specialization - the change from a non-specific into a specific type of cell with special functions (the cell sometimes alters its shape to suit its function)
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Stem Cell
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Precursor cell (unspecialized cell) that divides and gives rise to cells that undergo differentiation
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Sperm Cells...
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...Differentiate after meiosis II; from spermatids to sperm with flagellate tail
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Reproduction
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Creating new cells for growth, repair, or replacement; for creating a new individual
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Digestion
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Breaking down "food" into simple, usable molecules (absorbed into bloodstream)
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Excretion
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Removing waste products from the body; rids the body of non-useful solids, liquids, and gases
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Maintaining Boundaries
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Keeping the internal environment distinct from the external or surrounding environment [ex. Micro-level: plasma membranes (cells have selectively permeable membranes), Macro-level: our skin (first line of defense against invaders like bacteria, solar rays, and chemicals)]
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Survival Needs
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The culminating goal of living things - the maintenance of life; these are the things that living things need to survive
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Nutrients
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Chemical substances used for energy and cell building
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Oxygen
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Without this component, the nutrients are useless
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Accounts for approximately 60%-80% of human body mass; most abundant chemical substance in the body
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Water
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A watery environment is needed for...
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Chemical reactions and constitutes the basis for bodily fluids (secretions and excretions)
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Normal Body Temperature
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98.6 F/ 37 C; Needed if chemical reactions are going to proceed at life-sustaining rates
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When body temperature is too low...
When body temperature is too high... |
Systems will slow down or stop
Proteins can change shape and stop functioning |
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Hypothalamus
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Organ which acts as the body's thermostat
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Thermogenesis
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The process of heat production in organisms (muscle activity is where most body heat is generated from)
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Atmospheric Pressure
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Force that air exerts on the surface of the body
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Hydrostatic Pressure
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The "back" pressure exerted by a fluid against a membrane or within a system
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Osmotic Pressure
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The pressure required to prevent the movement of pure water into a solution containing solutes when the solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane
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Homeostasis
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The condition of equilibrium (balance in the body's internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body's many regulatory processes) - a stable internal environment
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Disorder
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Any abnormality of function
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Disease
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Specific term for an illness; characterized by recognizable sets of signs and symptoms; could be local or systemic
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Symptoms
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Subjective changes; not apparent to the observer
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Signs
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Objective change; can be observed and/or measured
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