Chap 4 - The Human Body

Front 1

The opaque, sticky secretion of the mucous membranes that lubricates the body openings.

Back 1

mucus

Front 2

Motion of a limb away from the midline.

Back 2

abduction

Front 3

A cone-shaped collecting area that connects the ureter and the kidney.

Back 3

renal pelvis

Front 4

The tough, fibrous ligament that stretches between the lateral edge of the pubic symphysis and the anterior superior iliac spine.

Back 4

inguinal ligament

Front 5

A "backup system" to control respiration; senses drops in the oxygen level in the blood.

Back 5

hypoxic drive

Front 6

The part of the pharynx that lies above the level of the roof of the mouth, or soft palate.

Back 6

nasopharynx

Front 7

Seminal fluid ejaculated from the penis and containing sperm.

Back 7

semen

Front 8

The muscle in the back of the upper arm.

Back 8

triceps

Front 9

The heart muscle.

Back 9

myocardium

Front 10

Blood cells that play a role in the body''s immune defense mechanisms against infection; also called leukocytes.

Back 10

white blood cells (WBCs)

Front 11

A sac behind the pubic symphysis made of smooth muscle that collects and stores urine.

Back 11

urinary bladder

Front 12

A collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; contractions of the muscle in the wall of the esophagus propel food and liquids through it to the stomach.

Back 12

esophagus

Front 13

The four veins that return oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart.

Back 13

pulmonary veins

Front 14

The position that has the head and torso (trunk) supine and the lower extremities elevated 6" to 12". This helps to increase blood flow to the brain; also referred to as the modified Trendelenburg''s position.

Back 14

shock position

Front 15

The bottom of the foot.

Back 15

plantar

Front 16

A thin, leaf-shaped valve that allows air to pass into the trachea but prevents food or liquid from entering.

Back 16

epiglottis

Front 17

The largest part of the three subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the "gray matter"; made up of several lobes that control movement, hearing, balance, speech, visual perception, emotions, and personality.

Back 17

cerebrum

Front 18

A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid.

Back 18

prostate gland

Front 19

Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane.

Back 19

hinge joints

Front 20

A small gland that surrounds the male urethra where it emerges from the urinary bladder; it secretes a fluid that is part of the ejaculatory fluid.

Back 20

prostate gland

Front 21

Joints that can bend and straighten but cannot rotate; they restrict motion to one plane.

Back 21

hinge joints

Front 22

large solid organ that lies in the right upper quadrant immediately below the diaphragm; it produces bile, stores sugar for immediate use by the body, and produces many substances that help regulate immune responses.

Back 22

liver

Front 23

A ridge on the sternum that lies at the level where the second rib is attached to the sternum; provides a constant and reliable bony landmark on the anterior chest wall.

Back 23

angle of Louis

Front 24

A prominent bony mass at the base of the skull behind the ear.

Back 24

mastoid process

Front 25

The narrow, cartilaginous lower tip of the sternum.

Back 25

xiphoid process

Front 26

The part of the nervous system that consists of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and 12 pairs of cranial nerves. These peripheral nerves may be sensory nerves, motor nerves, or connecting nerves.

Back 26

peripheral nervous system

Front 27

The smallest branch of an artery leading to the vast network of capillaries.

Back 27

arteriole

Front 28

The area of the brain between the spinal cord and cerebrum, surrounded by the cerebellum; controls functions that are necessary for life, such as respirations.

Back 28

brainstem

Front 29

Further inside the body and away from the skin.

Back 29

deep

Front 30

The anterior surface of the body.

Back 30

ventral (front)

Front 31

The part of the nervous system that regulates activities over which there is voluntary control.

Back 31

somatic nervous system

Front 32

An angle that is formed by the junction of the spine and the tenth rib.

Back 32

costovertebral angle

Front 33

The principal artery of the thigh, a continuation of the external iliac artery. It supplies blood to the lower abdominal wall, external genitalia, and legs. It can be palpated in the groin area.

Back 33

femoral artery

Front 34

Protein catalysts designed to speed up the rate of specific biochemical reactions.

Back 34

enzymes

Front 35

The 33 bones that make up the spinal column.

Back 35

vertebra

Front 36

The bone on the thumb side of the forearm.

Back 36

radius

Front 37

Tissue, largely fat, that lies directly under the dermis and serves as an insulator of the body.

Back 37

subcutaneous tissue

Front 38

A continuous and painful erection of the penis caused by certain spinal injuries and some diseases.

Back 38

pirapism

Front 39

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the upper extremities, head, neck, and chest into the heart.

Back 39

superior vena cava

Front 40

The processing of food that nourishes the individual cells of the body.

Back 40

digestion

Front 41

A muscular dome that forms the undersurface of the thorax, separating the chest from the abdominal cavity. Contraction of the diaphragm (and the chest wall muscles) brings air into the lungs. Relaxation allows air to be expelled from the lungs.

Back 41

diaphragm

Front 42

The spermatic duct of the testicles; also called vas deferens.

Back 42

vasa differentia

Front 43

The eye socket, made up of the maxilla and zygoma.

Back 43

orbit

Front 44

The thick skin covering the cranium, which usually bears hair.

Back 44

scalp

Front 45

The major artery leading from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs; it carries oxygen-poor blood.

Back 45

pulmonary artery

Front 46

Lower chamber of the heart.

Back 46

ventricle

Front 47

The supporting bone of the upper arm.

Back 47

humerous

Front 48

The collarbone; it is lateral to the sternum and medial to the scapula.

Back 48

clavicle

Front 49

Muscle that is attached to bones and usually crosses at least one joint; striated, or voluntary, muscle.

Back 49

skeletal muscle

Front 50

The breastbone.

Back 50

sternum

Front 51

Parts of the body that lie farther from the midline. Also called outer structures.

Back 51

lateral

Front 52

The position of reference in which the patient stands facing you, arms at the side, with the palms of the hands forward.

Back 52

anatomic position

Front 53

muscular distensible tube that connects the uterus with the vulva (the external female genitalia); also called the birth canal.

Back 53

vagina

Front 54

The 12 vertebrae that lie between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae. One pair of ribs is attached to each of the thoracic vertebrae.

Back 54

thoracic spine

Front 55

The lateral portions on each side of the cranium.

Back 55

temporal regions

Front 56

The contraction, or period of contraction, of the heart, especially that of the ventricles.

Back 56

systole

Front 57

The major artery in the forearm; it is palpable at the wrist on the thumb side.

Back 57

radial artery

Front 58

The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.

Back 58

alvioli

Front 59

The first part of the large intestine, into which the ileum opens.

Back 59

cecum

Front 60

The lower part of the back, formed by the lowest five nonfused vertebrae; also called the dorsal spine.

Back 60

lumbar spine

Front 61

Glands that produce an oily substance called sebum, which discharges along the shafts of the hairs.

Back 61

sebaceous glands

Front 62

The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.

Back 62

sweat glands

Front 63

A sac on the undersurface of the liver that collects bile from the liver and discharges it into the duodenum through the common bile duct.

Back 63

gallbladder

Front 64

A hard bony prominence that is found in the midline in the lowermost portion of the abdomen.

Back 64

pubic symphysis

Front 65

The artery just posterior to the medial malleolus; supplies blood to the foot.

Back 65

posterior tibial artery

Front 66

The wave-like contraction of smooth muscle by which the ureters or other tubular organs propel their contents.

Back 66

peristalsis

Front 67

The sum of all the physical and chemical processes of living organisms; the process by which energy is made available for the uses of the organism.

Back 67

metabolism

Front 68

The upper quarter of the sternum.

Back 68

manubrium

Front 69

A female gland that produces sex hormones and ova (eggs)

Back 69

ovary

Front 70

The brain and spinal cord.

Back 70

(CNS) Central Nervous System

Front 71

The rim, or wing, of the pelvic bone.

Back 71

iliac crest

Front 72

The shoulder blade.

Back 72

scapula

Front 73

Structures that are farther from the trunk or nearer to the free end of the extremity.

Back 73

distal

Front 74

The chest or rib cage.

Back 74

thoracic cage

Front 75

Ducts that convey bile between the liver and the intestine.

Back 75

bile ducts

Front 76

The kneecap; a specialized bone that lies within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle.

Back 76

patella

Front 77

The areas between the temporal and occiput regions of the cranium.

Back 77

parietal regions

Front 78

A sticky, yellow fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients and transports cellular waste material to the organs of excretion.

Back 78

plasma

Front 79

he eleventh and twelfth ribs, which do not attach to the sternum through the costal arch.

Back 79

floating ribs

Front 80

A thin sheet of fascia that connects the thyroid and cricoid cartilages that make up the larynx.

Back 80

cricothyroid membrane

Front 81

Muscle that has characteristic stripes, or striations, under the microscope; voluntary, or skeletal, muscle.

Back 81

striated muscle

Front 82

The canal that conveys urine from the bladder to outside the body.

Back 82

urethra

Front 83

Nerves that carry information from the central nervous system to the muscles of the body.

Back 83

motor nerves

Front 84

The large muscle that covers the front of the humerus.

Back 84

biceps

Front 85

The nerves that carry sensations of touch, taste, heat, cold, pain, or other modalities from the body to the central nervous system.

Back 85

sensory nerves

Front 86

The chest cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and great vessels (the aorta and the two venae cavae).

Back 86

thorax

Front 87

To bend

Back 87

flex

Front 88

The proximal portion of the upper extremity, made up of the clavicle, the scapula, and the humerus.

Back 88

shoulder girdle

Front 89

The portion of the digestive tube that encircles the abdomen around the small bowel, consisting of the cecum, the colon, and the rectum. It helps regulate water and eliminate solid waste.

Back 89

large intestine

Front 90

The major vessel in the upper extremity that supplies blood to the arm.

Back 90

brachial artery

Front 91

The part of the body, or any body part, nearer to the feet.

Back 91

inferior

Front 92

A firm prominence of cartilage that forms the upper part of the larynx; the Adam''s apple.

Back 92

thyroid cartilage

Front 93

The outer layer of skin, which is made up of cells that are sealed together to form a watertight protective covering for the body.

Back 93

epidermis

Front 94

The serous membrane covering the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space.

Back 94

pleura

Front 95

The portion of the digestive tube between the stomach and the cecum, consisting of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Back 95

small intestine

Front 96

A hollow muscular organ that receives blood from the veins and propels it into the arteries.

Back 96

heart

Front 97

A large opening at the base of the skull through which the brain connects to the spinal cord.

Back 97

foramen magnum

Front 98

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.

Back 98

ilium

Front 99

The bending of a joint.

Back 99

flexion

Front 100

The front region of the hand.

Back 100

palmar

Front 101

The trunk without the head and limbs.

Back 101

torso

Front 102

The part of the body, or any body part, nearer to the head.

Back 102

superior

Front 103

The circulation of oxygenated blood within an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells'' current needs.

Back 103

perfusion

Front 104

Motion of a limb toward the midline.

Back 104

adduction

Front 105

The portion of the spinal column consisting of the first seven vertebrae that lie in the neck.

Back 105

cervical spine

Front 106

The bony prominences of the pelvis (ilium) at the front on each side of the lower abdomen just below the plane of the umbilicus.

Back 106

anterior superior iliac spines

Front 107

An extension of the brain, composed of virtually all the nerves carrying messages between the brain and the rest of the body. It lies inside of, and is protected by, the spinal canal.

Back 107

spinal cord

Front 108

The superficial landmarks of the body that serve as guides to the structures that lie beneath them.

Back 108

topographic anatomy

Front 109

The position in which the body is lying face down.

Back 109

prone position

Front 110

Slow, gasping respiration, sometimes seen in dying patients.

Back 110

agonal respirations

Front 111

Cells that carry oxygen to the body''s tissues; also called erythrocytes.

Back 111

red blood cells (RBCs)

Front 112

The front surface of the body; the side facing you in the standard anatomic position.

Back 112

anterior

Front 113

The glands that produce saliva to keep the mouth and pharynx moist.

Back 113

salivary glands

Front 114

Vertebrae of the lumbar spine.

Back 114

lumbar vertebrae

Front 115

Muscle that is under direct voluntary control of the brain and can be contracted or relaxed at will; skeletal, or striated, muscle.

Back 115

voluntary muscle

Front 116

The position in which the body is supine with the head lower than the feet.

Back 116

Trendelenburg's position

Front 117

All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, consisting of the upper and lower airways and their component parts.

Back 117

respiratory system

Front 118

The part of the nervous system that regulates functions, such as digestion and sweating, that are not controlled voluntarily.

Back 118

autonomic nervous system

Front 119

The complex message and control system that integrates many body functions, including the release of hormones.

Back 119

endocrine system

Front 120

Closer to or on the skin.

Back 120

superficial

Front 121

Behind the abdominal cavity.

Back 121

retroperitoneal

Front 122

The fibrous sac that encloses a joint.

Back 122

joint capsule

Front 123

The small organs in the skin that produce hair.

Back 123

hair follicles

Front 124

To straighten

Back 124

extend

Front 125

The back surface of the body; the side away from you in the standard anatomic position.

Back 125

posterior (back)

Front 126

A bridge of cartilage that connects the ends of the sixth through tenth ribs with the lower portion of the sternum.

Back 126

costal arch

Front 127

The fine end-divisions of the arterial system that allow contact between cells of the body tissues and the plasma and red blood cells.

Back 127

capillary vessels

Front 128

A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea.

Back 128

oropharynx

Front 129

The wave of pressure created as the heart contracts and forces blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries.

Back 129

pulse

Front 130

The depression on the lateral pelvis where its three component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.

Back 130

acetabulum

Front 131

The joint between the wrist and the metacarpal bones; the thumb joint.

Back 131

carpometacarpal joint

Front 132

The windpipe; the main trunk for air passing to and from the lungs.

Back 132

trachea

Front 133

The lowermost end of the colon.

Back 133

rectum

Front 134

A bony prominence on the proximal lateral side of the thigh, just below the hip joint.

Back 134

greater trochanter

Front 135

The last three or four vertebrae of the spine; the tailbone.

Back 135

coccxy

Front 136

Storage sacs for sperm and seminal fluid, which empty into the urethra at the prostate.

Back 136

seminal vessicles

Front 137

The system that controls virtually all activities of the body, both voluntary and involuntary.

Back 137

nervous system

Front 138

The straightening of a joint.

Back 138

extension

Front 139

The proximal end of the femur, articulating with the acetabulum to form the hip joint.

Back 139

femoral head

Front 140

The posterior surface of the body, including the back of the hand.

Back 140

dorsal

Front 141

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.

Back 141

pubis

Front 142

The place where two bones come into contact.

Back 142

joint (articulation)

Front 143

The area of the head above the ears and eyes; the skull. The cranium contains the brain.

Back 143

cranium

Front 144

The quadrangular bones of the cheek, articulating with the frontal bone, the maxillae, the zygomatic processes of the temporal bone, and the great wings of the sphenoid bone.

Back 144

zygomas

Front 145

The pointed extremity of a conical structure.

Back 145

apex (apices)

Front 146

Tiny, disk-shaped elements that are much smaller than the cells; they are essential in the initial formation of a blood clot, the mechanism that stops bleeding.

Back 146

platelets

Front 147

The potential space between the parietal pleura and the visceral pleura. It is described as "potential" because under normal conditions, the lungs fill this space.

Back 147

pleural space

Front 148

The external, visible part of the ear.

Back 148

pinna

Front 149

A sheet or band of tough fibrous connective tissue; lies deep under the skin and forms an outer layer for the muscles.

Back 149

fascia

Front 150

A band of the fibrous tissue that connects bones to bones. It supports and strengthens a joint.

Back 150

ligament

Front 151

Parts of the body that lie closer to the midline; also called inner structures.

Back 151

medial

Front 152

A firm ridge of cartilage that forms the lower part of the larynx.

Back 152

cricoid cartilage

Front 153

The male and female reproductive systems.

Back 153

genital system

Front 154

The relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially of the ventricles.

Back 154

diastole

Front 155

The position in which the body is lying face up.

Back 155

supine position

Front 156

An imaginary vertical line drawn from the middle of the forehead through the nose and the umbilicus (navel) to the floor.

Back 156

midline

Front 157

The pressure that the blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it passes through them.

Back 157

blood pressure (BP)

Front 158

The joint where the mandible meets with the temporal bone of the cranium just in front of each ear.

Back 158

temporomandibular joint (TMJ joint)

Front 159

An imaginary vertical line drawn through the middle portion of the clavicle and parallel to the midline.

Back 159

midclavicular line

Front 160

The principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body.

Back 160

aorta

Front 161

The artery on the anterior surface of the foot between the first and second metatarsals.

Back 161

dorsalis pedis

Front 162

The lining of body cavities and passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the environment outside the body.

Back 162

mucous membranes

Front 163

Upper chamber of the heart.

Back 163

atrium

Front 164

The complex arrangement of connected tubes, including the arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, that moves blood, oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide, and cellular waste throughout the body.

Back 164

circulatory system

Front 165

The inner bone of the forearm, on the side opposite the thumb.

Back 165

ulna

Front 166

A joint that allows internal and external rotation as well as bending.

Back 166

ball-and-socket joint

Front 167

A male genital gland that contains specialized cells that produce hormones and sperm.

Back 167

testicle

Front 168

The framework that gives us our recognizable form; also designed to allow motion of the body and protection of vital organs.

Back 168

skeleton

Front 169

One of the two largest veins in the body; carries blood from the lower extremities and the pelvic and the abdominal organs into the heart.

Back 169

inferior vena cava

Front 170

The organs that control the discharge of certain waste materials filtered from the blood and excreted as urine.

Back 170

urinary system

Front 171

Two retroperitoneal organs that excrete the end products of metabolism as urine and regulate the body''s salt and water content.

Back 171

kidneys

Front 172

A flat, solid organ that lies below the liver and the stomach; it is a major source of digestive enzymes and produces the hormone insulin.

Back 172

pancreas

Front 173

The controlling organ of the body and center of consciousness; functions include perception, control of reactions to the environment, emotional responses, and judgment.

Back 173

brain

Front 174

The firm prominence in the upper part of the larynx formed by the thyroid cartilage. It is more prominent in men than in women.

Back 174

Adam's apple

Front 175

The inner layer of the skin, containing hair follicles, sweat glands, nerve endings, and blood vessels.

Back 175

dermis

Front 176

One of three bones that fuse to form the pelvic ring.

Back 176

ischium

Front 177

A small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum in the lower right quadrant of the abdomen.

Back 177

appendix

Front 178

Muscle over which a person has no conscious control. It is found in many automatic regulating systems of the body.

Back 178

involuntary muscle

Front 179

The wave of pressure that is created by the heart''s contracting and forcing blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries.

Back 179

heart rate (pulse)

Front 180

Long, slender tube that extends from the uterus to the region of the ovary on the same side, and through which the ovum passes from ovary to uterus.

Back 180

fallopian tue

Front 181

Nonstriated, involuntary muscle; it constitutes the bulk of the gastrointestinal tract and is present in nearly every organ to regulate automatic activity.

Back 181

smooth muscle

Front 182

Structures that are closer to the trunk.

Back 182

proximal

Front 183

One of the three major subdivisions of the brain, sometimes called the "little brain"; coordinates the various activities of the brain, particularly fine body movements.

Back 183

cerebellum

Front 184

The muscles on either side of the neck that allow movement of the head.

Back 184

sternocleidomastoid muscles

Front 185

Nerves that connect the sensory and motor nerves in the spinal cord.

Back 185

connecting nerves

Front 186

The most posterior portion of the cranium.

Back 186

occiput

Front 187

The position in which the patient is sitting up with the knees bent.

Back 187

fowler's position

Front 188

An imaginary vertical line drawn through the middle of the axilla (armpit), parallel to the midline.

Back 188

midaxillary line

Front 189

The bone of the lower jaw.

Back 189

mandible

Front 190

The thighbone; the longest and one of the strongest bones in the body.

Back 190

femur

Front 191

The upper jawbones that assist in the formation of the orbit, the nasal cavity, and the palate, and lodge the upper teeth.

Back 191

maxillae

Front 192

A body part that appears on both sides of the midline.

Back 192

bilateral

Front 193

The body cavity that contains the major organs of digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.

Back 193

abdomen

Front 194

The major artery that supplies blood to the head and brain.

Back 194

carotid artery

Front 195

One of the major arteries of the forearm; it can be palpated at the wrist on the ulnar side (at the base of the fifth finger).

Back 195

ulnar artery

Front 196

The shinbone, the larger of the two bones of the lower leg.

Back 196

tibia

Front 197

One of three bones (sacrum and two pelvic bones) that make up the pelvic ring; consists of five fused sacral vertebrae.

Back 197

sacrum

Front 198

The bones and voluntary muscles of the body.

Back 198

musculoskeletal system

Front 199

When using topographic anatomy, the patient's wrist is _______ to the hand but _______ to the elbow.

Back 199

proximal, distal

Front 200

Abduction is defined as:

Back 200

motion away from the midline

Front 201

The primary level the brain stem uses to control respirations is the level of:

Back 201

carbon dioxide in the blood stream

Front 202

The blood vessel that returns to the heart with oxygen-rich blood is the

Back 202

pulmonary vein

Front 203

The chamber of the heart that is most muscular is the

Back 203

left ventricle

Front 204

The cranial nerves are a part of which nervous system?

Back 204

peripheral nervous system

Front 205

The brain controls the body through the endocrine system by:

Back 205

controlling the release of hormones