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77 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Tissues |
Groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform a similar function |
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Histology |
The study of tissues |
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Nervous tissue |
Controls Internal communication Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves |
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Muscle tissue |
Movement Contracts to cause movement |
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Skeletal muscle tissue |
Muscles attached to bones Voluntary |
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Cardiac tissue |
Muscles of the heart Involuntary |
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Smooth muscle |
Muscles of walls of hollow organs Involuntary |
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Epithelial tissue |
COVERS Forms boundaries between different environment Found in lining of digestive tract and skin surface (epidermis) |
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Basic functions on epithelial tissue |
Protect secrets absorbs filters |
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Connective tissue |
SUPPORTS Supports, protect, and binds other tissues together Found in bones, tendons, & fat *most abundant tissue in the body* |
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Types of epithelial tissue (2) |
Covering and lining epithelium Glandular epithelial |
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Covering / lining epithelium |
• forms outer layer of skin • lines the open cavities of urogenital, digestive, and respitory sytms • covers walls and organs of closed ventral body cavity |
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Glandular epithelium |
Comes together forming clumps Glands of the body |
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Epithelial tissue functions |
Protection absorption Filtration Excretion Secretion Sensory reception |
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Polarity |
Two surfaces that differ in structure and function Apical-Basal polarity |
Special characteristics of epithelial tissue |
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Apical surface |
Upper free surface exposed to bodies exterior or cavity of an internal organ |
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Basal surface |
Internal surface Under the apical surface |
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Special characteristics of epithelium |
Polarity Specialized contacts Supported by connective tissue Avascular but innervated Ability to regenerate |
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Microvilli |
Smallest Finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area |
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Cilia |
LARGER Hairlike projections that moves substances along the surface |
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Basal lamina |
Selective filter adjacent (kinda under) to the basal surface Consist mostly of glycoproteins and some collagen fibers Acts as a selective filter that determines what what diffuses from the underlying connective tissue Acts as scaffolding for wound repair |
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Specialized Contacts |
Epithelial cells fit closely together to form a continuous sheet |
Special characteristics of epithelium |
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Tight junctions |
Fuses the membranes of adjacent cells together |
Epithelial cells |
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Desmosomes |
Keep cells anchored Keeps polarity |
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Reticular lamina |
Deep to basal lamina Extracellular connective tissue Basal lamina + reticular lamina= basement membrane |
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Avascular but innervated |
Epithelial tissue is avascular (no blood vessels) but it is innervated (contains nerve fibers). Cells are nourished by diffusion |
Special characteristic of epithelium |
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Simple epithelia |
Single layer of cells Found where fibration, secretion, or absorption is needed |
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Stratified epithelia |
2 or more layers of cells Found where protection is needed because of wear and tear |
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Squamous cells |
Flat and scale like Nucleus is flat and bulgding |
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Cuboidal cell |
Box like As tall as they are wide Nucleus is spherical |
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Columnar cell |
Tall and column shaped Nuclues is elongated and xlose to basal surface |
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Simple squamous epithelium |
Functions ▪allows materials to pass by diffusion ▪secretes lubricating substances in serosae Locations ▪air sacs of lungs ▪blood vessels |
In kidneyes |
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Simple cuboidal epithelium |
Function ▪secretion ▪absorption Location ▪kidney tubules ▪ovary surface
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Simple columnar epithelia |
*may contain goblet cells* High absorbtion areas have microvili (small intestine) Funtions ▪absorption ▪secretion of mucus Location ▪digestive tract ▪gallbladder ▪uterine tubes |
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Pseudostratified columnar epithelia |
*single layer of cells* *differ in heights, some haven't reached free surface*
Function ▪secrete substances (mucus) ▪propel mucus Location ▪male sperm duct (nonciliated type) ▪trachea (ciliated type) |
In trachea |
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Stratified squamous epithelium |
Thick membrane composed of several layers Surface cells are squamous Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar Function ▪protect underlying tissues (in areas subjected to abrasion) Location ▪skin (keratinized) ▪mouth (nonkeratinized) |
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Transitional epithelia |
Surface cells squamous Basal cells cuboidal or columnar *Cells can change (transition) their shape Function ▪Stretch rapidly Location ▪bladder ▪line the ureters |
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Goblet cell |
Individual cell that produces mucus Found in respitory and intestinal tract |
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Gland |
Structure composed of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product |
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Secretion |
Aqueous fluid that contains proteins what can also contain lipids or steroids |
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Endocrine glands |
"Ductless glands" ▪produce hormones ▪Internally secreting (excocytosis) ▪hormones enter the blood ▪are usually multicellular |
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Exocrine glands |
▪Exernally secreting ▪Secrete their products onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities ▪produce mucus, sweat, oil |
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Unicellular exocrine glands |
▪mucous cells ▪goblet cells *scattered within epithelial sheets* |
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Multicellular exocrine gland |
2 basic parts ▪duct ▪secretary unit |
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Simple glands |
Unbranched duct |
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Compound glands |
Branched bucts |
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Tubular gland |
Secretary cells form tubes |
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Alveolae gland |
if secretary cells form small flask like sacs |
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Merocrine glands |
Secrete their product by exocytosis Cells are not altered in any way Examples: pacreas, sweat glands, salivary glands |
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Holocrine glands |
Accumulate product within them until they rupture Exapmple: sebaceous gland |
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Major connective tissue classes |
▪connective tissue proper (mature connective tissue) ▪cartilage ▪bone ▪blood |
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Mahor connective tissue functions |
▪ binding and supporting ▪protecting ▪insulating ▪storing reserve fuel ▪transporting substances within the body |
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Characteristics of connective tissue |
▪ common origin (all connective tissue arise from mesenchyme) ▪ degrees of vascularity ▪ extracellular Matrix ( the nonliving parts of the tissue that separates the living cells) * connective tissue is largely nonliving* |
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Structural elements of connective tissue |
▪ ground ▪ fibers ▪ cells |
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Ground substance |
The material that fills the space between the cells and contains fibers Compostion of GS: interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans. |
Connective tissue |
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Connective tissue fibers |
Collagen fibers (thickest and strongest), elastic fibers (stretch and are coiled), reticular fibers (short and fine fobers |
3 types |
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Loose connective tissues |
▪ areolar ▪adipose ▪reticular |
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Dense connective tissue |
▪ dense regular ▪ dense irregular ▪ elastic |
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Areolar connective tissue |
▪ has a gel-like matrix ▪ has all three fiber types ▪its cells are: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, some white blood cells Loaction ▪under epithelia ▪ surrounding capillaries Function ▪ supporting and binding other tissues ▪ defending against infections |
Loose connective tissue |
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Reticular connective tissue |
Has reticular fibers and lymphocytes (white blood cells) Locations ▪lymph nodes ▪bone marrow Function ▪ form stroma that supports free blood cells |
Loose connective tissue |
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Adipose connective tissue |
▪matrix is areolar ▪ nucleus is pushed to the side because of large fat droplets Location ▪abdomen ▪breast Function ▪store energy (fat) ▪insulation |
Loose connective tissue |
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Dense regular connective tissue |
▪parallel collagen fibers ▪major cell tu6pe is fibroblast Locations ▪tendons ▪ligaments Function ▪attach muscle to bone ▪resist tension |
Dense connective tissue |
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Dense irregular connective tissue |
▪ irregularly arranged collagen fibers ▪ major cell type is fibroblast Location ▪dermis of skin ▪submucosa of digestive tract Function ▪ resist tension in many directions ▪ provide structural strength |
Dense connective tissue |
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Elastic connective tissue |
Dense regular connective tissue with a high proportion of elastic fibers Location ▪ aorta ▪bronchial tube walls Functions ▪recoil ▪stretch |
Dense connective tissue |
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Cartilage |
- composition is between dense connective tissue and Bone - resistant to tension and compression - no nerve connection and is avascular |
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Types of cartilage |
▪hyaline cartilage ▪elastic cartilage ▪fibrocartilage |
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Lacunae |
A small space in cartilage or bone occupied by cells |
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Perichondrium |
Connevtive tissue layer that surrounds cartilage. Provides caryilage with nutritikn via diffusion |
Cartilage |
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Hyaline cartilage |
*most abundant cartilage in the body* *contains collagen fibers* *cell type is chondrocytes* Function ▪ supports and reinforces ▪ resist compressive stress Location ▪nose ▪trachea |
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Elastic cartilage |
-has more elastic fobers than hyaline cartilage -where strengyh and elasticity is required Location ▪ear ▪epiglottis Function ▪ maintain shape while allowing flexibility |
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Fibrocartilage |
-alternating rows of chondrocytes and thick collagen fiber Location ▪intervertebral disc ▪knee Function ▪tensile strength ▪absorb compressive shock |
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Bone (osseous tissue) |
Supports and protects body structures -Has a matrix, but is harder due to calcium salts Osteoblasts Location ▪bones Function ▪support and protect by enclosing |
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Osseous tissue Center is 'central canal' Smaller dots are lacunae |
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Blood |
*connective tissue* Function *transport respitory gases and waste Location Within blood vessels |
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Cutaneous membrane |
Skin |
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Mucous membranes |
Line body cavities that are open to the exterior |
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Serous membrane |
Line body cavities that are closed to the exterior |
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