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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Central Nervous system (CNS) |
Brain spinal cord |
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Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
–Nervous network through which the CNSreceives information from the senses and controls muscles - Autonomic Nervous system -Somatic nervous system |
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Somatic Nervous system |
•howthe CNS interacts with the external environment Afferent nerves Efferent nerves |
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Afferent nerves of SNS |
–carries sensory info from the body to theCNS |
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–Efferent nerves of SNS |
carries motor info from the CNS to skeletal muscles |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
•howthe CNS interacts with the internal environment -Aff -Eff |
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Afferent nerves of ANS |
–carries sensory infofrom theinternal organs to the CNS . |
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Efferent nerves of ANS |
–carries motor infofrom theCNS to the internal organs Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System |
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Sympathetic Nervous system |
–Thoracic and lumbar –“Fight or flight” –Second stage neurons are far from thetarget organ |
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Parasympathetic Nervous system |
–Cranial and sacral –“Rest and restore” –Second stage neurons are near the targetorgan |
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Cranial nerves |
nervesthat emerge directly from the brain stem in contrast to spinal nerves whichemerge from segments of the spinal cord. |
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Chemical protection |
Protects CNS Blood-brain barrier |
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Blood brain barrier |
tightly packed cells of blood vessel walls prevent entry of many molecules |
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Physical protection |
–Bone –Meninges –Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
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Choroid plexuses |
networkof capillaries that come from the arachnoid and protrude into the ventricles;they create CSF |
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HydroCephalus |
Extra fluid in brain causes brain damage |
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Neurons |
–Specialized cells for the reception,conduction, and transmission of electrochemical signals |
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Glial Cells |
Outnumber neurons |
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Oligodendrocytes |
•extensionsrich in myelin create myelin sheaths in CNS |
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Schwann cells |
•similarto function of oligodendrocytes butin PNS, can guide axonal regeneration |
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Astrocytes |
•largestglia, star-shaped, many functions |
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Microglia |
Involved in response to injury or disease |
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Golgi Stain |
Allows for visualization of individual neurosn Expose tissue to potassium dichromate and silver nitrate |
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Nissl stain |
Selectively stains cell bodies Cressyl violet |
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Electron microscopy |
•providesinformation about the details of neuronal structure |
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Tracing Techniques. |
Anterograde (Forward) Retrograde (backcward) |
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Anterograde |
-forward –tracing where axons project away from anarea–Where is it sending info to? |
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Retrograde |
-Backward -–tracing where axons are projecting intoan area –Where is it receiving info from? |
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Spinal nerves |
31 pairs 62 total |
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Myelencephalon |
AKA Medulla largely of tracts Reticular formation - 100 tiny nuclei -Cardiac, circulatory and respiratory reflexes |
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Metencephalon |
Pons Cerebellum |
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Pons |
Connect cerebellum and rest of brain |
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Cerebellum |
Fine,motor movement |
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Mesencephalon |
Tectum Tegmentum |
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Tectum |
Inferior Colliculi Superior colliculi |
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Inferior Colliculi |
Auditory reflex |
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Superior ccolliculi |
visual reflex |
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Tegmentum |
Periaqueductal gray Substantia nigra Red nucleus |
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Periaqueductal gray |
produces opioids |
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Substantia nigra |
synthesizes dopamine; sends connections to the basal ganglia |
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Diencephalon |
Thalamus Hypothalamus |
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Thalamus |
•thesensory relay center of the brain –Lateral geniculate-vision –Medial geniculate-hearing |
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Hypothalamus |
–Regulation of motivated behaviors –Controls the pituitary gland – mastergland |
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Telencephalon |
Largest division of the brain Cerebral cortex Subcortical Structures - white matter - limbic system - basal gangia |
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Gray matter |
Cerebral cortex - small unmyelinated neurons gray in ccolor |
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White matter |
area beneath the cerebrl cortex -large, myelinated axons |
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Convolutions |
Increased amount of cerbral cortex without increasing volume |
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Fissure |
Irg groove |
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Sulcus |
sml groove |
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Gyrus |
a bump |
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Lissencephalic brains |
brains without wrinkles |
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Frontal lobe |
Precentral gyrus - primary motor cortex |
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Precentral gyrus |
Somatotopic organization Unequal representation Primary motor cortex Functions -planning -organization -judgement -attention |
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Temporal lobe |
Superior temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus |
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Superior temporal gyrus |
Auditory processing |
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Inferior temporal gyrus |
Object recognition |
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Occipital lobe |
visual processing |
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Parietal lobe |
Postcentral gyrus Remainingareas - sensory integration |
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Postcentral gyrus |
primary sensory cortex •Somatotopic organization •Unequal representation |
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Hippocampus |
Part of cortex but neocortex creating memory |
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Corpus callosum |
myelinated fibers that connect homotopic cortical regions between two hemisphere |
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The limbic system |
Circuit of midline structures that circles the thalamus Regulation of motivated behaviors - fleeing - feeding - fighting - sexual behavior |
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The basal ganglia |
Involved in voluntary motor response - Learning motor habits - inhibits other motor areas Receives input (dopamine) from substantia nigra |
