Ch.19

Front 1

______: are energy to form ATP comes from the carbs,fats,& proteins we eat or from catabolism of our body tissues

Back 1

Calories

Front 2

the energy value in food is measured in _______.

Back 2

kilocalories

Front 3

1 killocalorie= ______calories

Back 3

1,000

Front 4

1 g carbs/protein= ___ kilocalories

Back 4

4

Front 5

food also supplies raw material to build ____,____, _______, ______

Back 5

DNA
RNA
proteins
triglycerides

Front 6

most ___ acids and amino acids can be produced by the body

Back 6

fatty

Front 7

a few fatty acids cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained by the diet, this is called _____ _____

Back 7

essential nutrients

Front 8

how many essential amino acids are there?

Back 8

9

Front 9

how many essential fatty acids are there?

Back 9

2

Front 10

______ are small organic molecules that serve as coenzymes or perform a specific function

Back 10

vitamins

Front 11

the body can only make small amounts of what vitmain?

Back 11

D,K,B

Front 12

what are the two types of vitamins?

Back 12

fat soluble
water soluble

Front 13

water soluble vitamins include vitamins ___ & ___

Back 13

B
C

Front 14

____ soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body

Back 14

water

Front 15

fat soluble vitamins include vitamins ___,__,___ & ____

Back 15

A
D
E
K

Front 16

_____ soluble vitamins can be stored in the body

Back 16

fat

Front 17

______ are nonorganic molecules used as cofactors and in a wide range of processes

Back 17

minerals

Front 18

_____ _____: molecules with unpaired electrons

Back 18

free radicals

Front 19

too many radicals cause oidative stress on cells by damaging ____, DNA and lipids

Back 19

proteins

Front 20

free radicals promote:

Back 20

cell death
degeneration associated with aging
cancer malignancy

Front 21

______: enzymes prevent excess free radical buildup.

Back 21

antioxidants

Front 22

_____ _____: molecules that can be used for energy

Back 22

energy reserves

Front 23

once in the _______, fatty acids,glucose,and amino acids are circulating energy constructs

Back 23

bloodstream

Front 24

the brain's preffered energy source is ______

Back 24

glucose

Front 25

skeletal muscles at rest preffered energy source is ____ _____

Back 25

fatty acids

Front 26

energy is stored in white fat as _______.

Back 26

triglycerides

Front 27

______: risk factor for cardiovascular disease,diabetes, and some cancers

Back 27

obesity

Front 28

the risk for obesity is greater if visceral fat is accumulated rather than _____ fat

Back 28

subcutaneous

Front 29

way to detect obesity is by?

Back 29

BMI

Front 30

BMI 19-25=

Back 30

healthy

Front 31

BMI 26-29=

Back 31

overweight

Front 32

BMI over 30=

Back 32

obesity

Front 33

____% of americans are overweight or obese

Back 33

60

Front 34

Beta cells secrete _____

Back 34

insulin

Front 35

alpha cells secrete _______

Back 35

glucagon

Front 36

delta cells secrete ________

Back 36

somatostatin

Front 37

_______ is the main hormone regulating blood levels, with glucagon playing a supportive role

Back 37

insulin

Front 38

_______ also aids to remove excess glucose from the blood after a carb rich meal

Back 38

insulin

Front 39

insulin inserts _____ carrier proteins in plasma membrane of target cells

Back 39

GLUT4

Front 40

glucagon is taken into the _____ and _____ muscles to be converted to glycogen for storage

Back 40

liver
skeletal

Front 41

_____ _____ ______ tests the ability of beta cells to release insulin and ability of insulin to reduce blood glucose levels

Back 41

oral glucose tolerance

Front 42

how does a oral glucose tolerance test work?

Back 42

person drinks glucose and then blood is sampled

Front 43

______ _____ is characterized by chronic high blood glucose

Back 43

diabetes mellitus

Front 44

diabetes mellitus results from inadequate ______ or action of insulin

Back 44

secretion

Front 45

____ _____ diabetes also called insulin dependednt diabtes or juvinile onset diabetes

Back 45

type 1

Front 46

in type ___ diabetes beta cells are destroyed and insulin is not made

Back 46

1

Front 47

due to reduced insulin secretion, more ___ ____ are also in the blood.

Back 47

fatty acids

Front 48

the fatty acids are converted to ___ bodies in the liver

Back 48

ketone

Front 49

increases in ketone bodies may produce _____

Back 49

acidosis

Front 50

increased glucose and ketone bodies are secreted in the _____and act as osmotic diuretics, leading to dehydration

Back 50

urine

Front 51

excess dehydration,ketoneacidosis, and electrolyte imbalance can lead to ____ and _____

Back 51

coma
death

Front 52

people with type 1 diabetes also have an abnormally high secretion of ____

Back 52

glucagon

Front 53

having high glucagon stimulates ________ in the liver, further raising blood glucose levels

Back 53

glycogenolysis

Front 54

glucagon also stimulates the enzyme that converts fatty acids into ______ bodies

Back 54

ketone

Front 55

insulin _____ varies from person to eprson

Back 55

sensitivity

Front 56

____ makes skeletal muscle cells more sensitive to insulin

Back 56

exercise

Front 57

_____ makes all insulin target cells more sensitive to insulin

Back 57

obesity

Front 58

insulin sensitivity can lead to impaired glucose tolerance or type ___ diabetes

Back 58

11

Front 59

type ___ diabetes is called insulin independed

Back 59

11

Front 60

what is the most common diabetes?

Back 60

type 11

Front 61

type 11 is most likely seen in ____ people

Back 61

obese

Front 62

______ muscles and liver cells do not take in glucose

Back 62

skeletal

Front 63

liver is not _____ from releasing glucose

Back 63

inhibited

Front 64

increased production of ____ cells to compensate for loss of sensitivy may lead to beta cell failure

Back 64

beta

Front 65

early in the progression of type 11 diabets, there is an ____ of insulin and has many effects

Back 65

insulin

Front 66

______ ______: high plasma tri levels, low hdl levels, hypertension

Back 66

metabolic syndrome

Front 67

________: can occur as an exaggerated response to increased insulin secretion after a carb rich meal

Back 67

hypoglycemia

Front 68

hypoglycemia is also called: ______ ______

Back 68

reactive hypoglycemia