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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
______: are energy to form ATP comes from the carbs,fats,& proteins we eat or from catabolism of our body tissues
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Calories
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the energy value in food is measured in _______.
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kilocalories
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1 killocalorie= ______calories
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1,000
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1 g carbs/protein= ___ kilocalories
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4
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food also supplies raw material to build ____,____, _______, ______
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DNA
RNA proteins triglycerides |
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most ___ acids and amino acids can be produced by the body
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fatty
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a few fatty acids cannot be produced by the body and must be obtained by the diet, this is called _____ _____
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essential nutrients
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how many essential amino acids are there?
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9
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how many essential fatty acids are there?
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2
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______ are small organic molecules that serve as coenzymes or perform a specific function
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vitamins
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the body can only make small amounts of what vitmain?
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D,K,B
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what are the two types of vitamins?
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fat soluble
water soluble |
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water soluble vitamins include vitamins ___ & ___
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B
C |
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____ soluble vitamins cannot be stored in the body
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water
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fat soluble vitamins include vitamins ___,__,___ & ____
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A
D E K |
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_____ soluble vitamins can be stored in the body
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fat
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______ are nonorganic molecules used as cofactors and in a wide range of processes
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minerals
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_____ _____: molecules with unpaired electrons
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free radicals
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too many radicals cause oidative stress on cells by damaging ____, DNA and lipids
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proteins
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free radicals promote:
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cell death
degeneration associated with aging cancer malignancy |
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______: enzymes prevent excess free radical buildup.
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antioxidants
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_____ _____: molecules that can be used for energy
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energy reserves
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once in the _______, fatty acids,glucose,and amino acids are circulating energy constructs
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bloodstream
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the brain's preffered energy source is ______
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glucose
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skeletal muscles at rest preffered energy source is ____ _____
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fatty acids
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energy is stored in white fat as _______.
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triglycerides
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______: risk factor for cardiovascular disease,diabetes, and some cancers
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obesity
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the risk for obesity is greater if visceral fat is accumulated rather than _____ fat
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subcutaneous
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way to detect obesity is by?
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BMI
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BMI 19-25=
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healthy
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BMI 26-29=
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overweight
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BMI over 30=
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obesity
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____% of americans are overweight or obese
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60
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Beta cells secrete _____
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insulin
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alpha cells secrete _______
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glucagon
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delta cells secrete ________
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somatostatin
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_______ is the main hormone regulating blood levels, with glucagon playing a supportive role
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insulin
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_______ also aids to remove excess glucose from the blood after a carb rich meal
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insulin
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insulin inserts _____ carrier proteins in plasma membrane of target cells
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GLUT4
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glucagon is taken into the _____ and _____ muscles to be converted to glycogen for storage
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liver
skeletal |
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_____ _____ ______ tests the ability of beta cells to release insulin and ability of insulin to reduce blood glucose levels
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oral glucose tolerance
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how does a oral glucose tolerance test work?
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person drinks glucose and then blood is sampled
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______ _____ is characterized by chronic high blood glucose
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diabetes mellitus
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diabetes mellitus results from inadequate ______ or action of insulin
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secretion
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____ _____ diabetes also called insulin dependednt diabtes or juvinile onset diabetes
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type 1
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in type ___ diabetes beta cells are destroyed and insulin is not made
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1
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due to reduced insulin secretion, more ___ ____ are also in the blood.
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fatty acids
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the fatty acids are converted to ___ bodies in the liver
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ketone
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increases in ketone bodies may produce _____
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acidosis
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increased glucose and ketone bodies are secreted in the _____and act as osmotic diuretics, leading to dehydration
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urine
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excess dehydration,ketoneacidosis, and electrolyte imbalance can lead to ____ and _____
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coma
death |
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people with type 1 diabetes also have an abnormally high secretion of ____
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glucagon
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having high glucagon stimulates ________ in the liver, further raising blood glucose levels
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glycogenolysis
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glucagon also stimulates the enzyme that converts fatty acids into ______ bodies
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ketone
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insulin _____ varies from person to eprson
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sensitivity
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____ makes skeletal muscle cells more sensitive to insulin
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exercise
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_____ makes all insulin target cells more sensitive to insulin
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obesity
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insulin sensitivity can lead to impaired glucose tolerance or type ___ diabetes
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11
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type ___ diabetes is called insulin independed
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11
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what is the most common diabetes?
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type 11
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type 11 is most likely seen in ____ people
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obese
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______ muscles and liver cells do not take in glucose
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skeletal
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liver is not _____ from releasing glucose
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inhibited
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increased production of ____ cells to compensate for loss of sensitivy may lead to beta cell failure
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beta
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early in the progression of type 11 diabets, there is an ____ of insulin and has many effects
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insulin
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______ ______: high plasma tri levels, low hdl levels, hypertension
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metabolic syndrome
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________: can occur as an exaggerated response to increased insulin secretion after a carb rich meal
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hypoglycemia
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hypoglycemia is also called: ______ ______
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reactive hypoglycemia
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