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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychology |
Scientific study of the mind and behaviorCogni |
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Cognitive Perspective |
Study of how we learn. How we store and use information |
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Psychodynamic Perspective |
We are motivated by unconscious irrational desires Psychodynamic theorists study personality and mental disorders including sleep and dream analysis |
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Behavioral Perspectivd |
Behavior is studied through observation
Shapes based on rewards and consequences |
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Two Types of Psychologists |
Experimental- research, college professor Applied- provide counseling to patients Psychologists require PhD Psychiatrists require MD |
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Theory |
A testable explanation for a set of observations being studied (Scientific guess) |
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Hypothesis |
A prediction of the outcome of a research study Done prior to research It must be testable so it can be confirmed or refuted |
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Independent Variable (IV) |
Experimenter presents and controls the stimuli. (Independent of the subject, they have no control) |
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Dependent Variable (DV) |
Participants response to conditions in a study that are presented or controlled by the experimenter Researcher wants to see if IV causes change in DV |
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Experimental Group |
Gets the treatment |
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Control Group |
No treatment but everything else is the same |
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Replication |
Reproducing the results of the previous study. If you can replicate it then study is good |
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Experiment |
Research where the experiment controls all conditions and manipulates them, including the IV. Researchers have the best control of extraneous variables in the lab setting |
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Correlational Studies |
Relationship between two or more variables but doesn’t necessary imply and effect |
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Surveys |
Method of collecting standardized information by interviewing a representative sample of a particular population |
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Naturalistic Observations |
When a researcher unobstructively collects data in a naturally occurring event Advantage- can obtain an accurate description of their behavior in natural setting Disadvantage- time consuming, does not tell us everything about cause and effect |
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Personal Bias |
Strong beliefs about a particular subject, which can effect the design of your study Ex- Hiring body builders to sell diet pills |
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Observer Bias |
Affects the observations of the observer |
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Gender Bias |
In past, research studies included only males |
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Double-Blind Control |
A model in which neither the experimenter or the participant are aware of the TX condition administered |
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American Psychological Association |
Professional organization representing Psychologists in the US |
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Animal Studies |
APA has specific guidelines for the humane TX of animal research |
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Charles Darwin |
Naturalist best known for the theory of evolution and natural selection |
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Theory of Evolution |
Based on survival in reproduction. Animals that can learn something will survive |
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Natural Selection |
Based on weeding out the weak organisms, choosing only the healthiest organisms |
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Genotype |
One’s genetic makeup that is inherited from your parents Ex- depression, anxiety, introverted |
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Phenotype |
Genetics that make up the physical characteristics of individuals Ex- eye color, hair color |
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Chromosomes |
Inherit 46 chromosomes from parents, 23 from mom pair with 23 from dad |
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Sympathetic Nervous System |
Fight or flight behavior Ex- Someone startles you? Do you lash out or run |
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Parasympathetic Nervous System |
The portion of the nervous system returns the body back to its natural relaxed state after excitation Ex- calmed |
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Types of Neurotransmitters |
Dopamine Seratonin Norepinephrine Acetylcholine |
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Dopamine |
Found in the synaptic area and is responsible for regulating movement, balance and walking -overproduction can cause schizophrenia -too little can cause Parkinson’s Disease |
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Serotonin |
Responsible for the process of sleep and memory
-not enough production can cause depression, anxiety and/or OCD |
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Norepinephrine |
Found mainly in areas of the brain that is involved in controlling the autonomic nervous system -imbalance can create high blood pressure and depression -controls heart rate, sleep, stress levels, sexual responsiveness and appetite |
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Acetylcholine |
A chemical in the brain that acts as the neurotransmitter by sending nerve signals |
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Left Brain Hemisphere |
Process- speech, analysis, time, sequencing Recognizes- Letters, numbers, words |
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Right Brain Hemisphere |
Process- Creativity, Patterns, Spatial Awareness, context Recognizes- Faces, places, objects |
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Consciousness |
Mental alertness of internal and external stimuli Internal- thoughts, memories, emotion External- noise, touch |
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Subconscious |
Sub means just beneath Information registered in memory without consciously attending to it |
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Unconscious |
Part of the brain that stores repressed memories that we are not aware of Freud is theorist most associated with the unconscious |
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REM |
Rapid Eye Movement- a period during which we are in a dream state that occurs about once every 90 minutes |
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Sleep duration |
Changes over one’s life: Infant- 16 hours day Child- 10.5 hours a night Adolescent- 8.5 hours a night Adult- 7-8 hours a night Older Adults- 5.75 hours a night |
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Insomnia |
One of the most common sleep disorders Chronic inability to fall asleep Frequent waking periods during the night |
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Narcolepsy |
A sleep attack that occurs, resulting in the individual falling asleep during the day Occurs without warning Can be controlled with medication |
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Hypnosis |
An induced state of awareness in which the individual is responsive to suggestions of the hypnotist Subjects are in a deeply relaxed state |
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Autohypnosis |
Self induced hypnosis |
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Hidden Observer |
The part of the self that is aware of things outside the conscious awareness |
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Benefits of Hypnosis |
Change bad habits into good habits -Quit smoking -stop nail biting -alleviated anxiety Change negative or sad feelings into positive or happy feelings |
