Cfd Chapter 5

Front 1

nature influenced of gender vs. nurture influences of gender

Back 1

influenced of biology vs. environmental influences

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sex

Back 2

refers to biological traits that distinguish males from females (anatomy, chromosomes, hormones)

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gender

Back 3

social label ascribed to us on birth certificates

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gender role

Back 4

refers to behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, and values that culture deems appropriate for males and females

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gender identity

Back 5

refers to how a person accepts the culture's prescribed gender roles; how an individual adapts the expected gender to role to his/her identity. gender identity is subject to the individual.

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gender presentation

Back 6

refers to how an individual presents his or her gender identity through personality, habits, and behaviors

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gender stereotypes

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encompass the cultural beliefs about "what" gender roles are and "how" these roles should be enacted. it tends to reflect culture's belief about the ways in which men and women behave

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xx chromosome vs. xy chromosome

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female and male

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cell duplication and cell division

Back 9

characterize the germinal period of prenatal development

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cell differentiation

Back 10

begins when the zygote has divided into a ball of 8 cells. during this time, cells begin to take on distinct, genetically determined traits and forms.

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wolffian and mullerian reproductive duct system

Back 11

both female and male embryo have this.

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males

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wolffian system further differentiates and testes continue to develop and produce androgens. mullerian system degenerates

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androgens

Back 13

testosterone, masculinizing sex hormones

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females

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estrogen not required to produce female. when y chromosome not present, testosterone not produced. wolffian system degenerates, and mullerian system continues.

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intersexed

Back 15

someone who is anatomically somewhere along the continuum between male and female. could be hermaphrodite, femeale pseudohermaphrodite, or male pseudohermaphrodite

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hermaphrodite

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babies born with both ovarian and testicular tissue, or have a combination of an ovary and a testicle as one structure, termed ovatestes

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female pseudohermaphrodite

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has an XX chromosomal structure and has normal female internal reproductive organs; however, the external genitalia is masculinized giving a more male than female appearance

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male pseudohermaphrodite

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have an XY chromosomal structure and do have testes, although the testes are typically located within the pelvis and not outside of the body. gives appearance of a female because there are not testes in the sac

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androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

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distorder characterized by abnormality of the X chromosome. because base sexual anatomy is female, a baby affected with AIS is born with external genitalia that appear to be female. typically only diagnosed when adolescent reaches puberty and is unable to menstruate

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turner's syndrome

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occurs when one of the two X chromosomes is completely or partially absent. sometimes called "X0" babies. mullerian system degenerates during prenatal period, so fetus wont develop ovaries rendering her infertile and incapable of producing estrogen.

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klinefelter's syndrome

Back 21

extra X chromosome present (XXY chromosomal pattern) internal reproductive organs and external genitalia develop normally, males will have smaller than normal testes and wont produce sperm.

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gender schemas

Back 22

the ways we internalize and incorporate specific gendered behaviors and expectations

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BSRI

Back 23

bem sex role inventory, scale that focuses on attributes that are thought to be "masculine" and those that are thought to be "feminine"

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PAQ

Back 24

personal attributes questionnaire, used to examine emotional intimacy among friends, differnces in empathic behavior, and differences in helping behavior among men and women

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instrumental schemas

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associated with masculinity focus on task-oriented behaviors. some include: aggression, ambition, assertiveness, competitiveness, dominance, self-reliance

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expressive schemas

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associated with femininity and have an interpersonal or relational orientation. (affection, compassion, gentleness, loyalty, understanding, sensitivity, sympathy)

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androgyny

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something either has no gender value assigned to it, or that a person possesses traits, behaviors , or characteristics that are typically associated with the opposite gender

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physiological androgyny

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deals with physical or biological traits, such as occurs in the cases of intersexed individuals

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behavioral androgyny

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involves the blending of masculine and feminine traits; an androgynous person might display traits and behaviors that are typically associated with male and female, not one or the other

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androgynous

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no gender roles guiding me nand women's behaviors

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sexual orientation

Back 31

refers to the focus of a person's erotic desires or fantasies, or a person's affectionate or romantic feelings toward a particular gender

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sexual preference

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believe that sexuality is fluid and is more a matter of choice than biology

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membership knowledge

Back 33

refers to people's understanding that their gender belongs to one group or another

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gender typicality

Back 34

revers to the degree to which people feel that their gender-related experiences are typical of their gender

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gender contentedness

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refers to people's degree of contentedness with their biological gender assignment

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gender conformity

Back 36

refers to the degree of pressure people feel from their environment to conform to gender stereotypes

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intergroup bias

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refers to the degree to which people believe their sex is superior to another sex

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transgender

Back 38

refers to people who feel that their biologically assigned gender is a false or incomplete description of themselves

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FTM

Back 39

female to male, people born female but see themselves as partly to fully masculine

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MTF

Back 40

male to female, people who were born male but see themselves as partly to fully feminine

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intersexuals

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born with some combination of male and female physiology, who may accept as natural their mixed gender

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transsexual

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person whose sexual identity is opposite to the one assigned at birth

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SRS

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sex reassignment surgery, surgical alteration to body is performed, aka genital surgery

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transvestite

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dresses and acts in the manner of a person of the gender opposite from their own. (cross-dressers)

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david perry and kay bussey

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define gender role development as "the process whereby children come to acquire the behaviors, attitudes, interests, emotional reactions, and motives that are culturally defined as appropriate for members of their sex"

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learning theory

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traits and behaviors are not inborn, we learn them. S-->R strict behaviorists maintained that a given stimulus would produce a given response

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Social learning theory

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addresses the roles of reward and punishment and includes an individual's realm of cognition--the role of observation--in the process of learning

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bandura maintained that individuals learn behaviors via observation in 3 different ways

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1. by imitating observed behaviors in their environment
2. by observing the punishments or rewards based on others' behaviors
3. by exposure to another's thinking

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imitating observed behaviors in their environment

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not significantly different than learning how to walk or how to talk, children learn gendered behaviors by observing and then imitating the behavior of a model, someone who demonstrates a particular behavior

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observing the punishments or rewards based on others' behaviors

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watching the consequences of others is enough to "teach"--we learn by watching what happens to others.

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exposure to another's thinking

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exposure to many different models is particularly useful in changing traditional stereotypes. for example, exposing someone to an intersexed child might serve to break down long-held beliefs

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cognitive development theory

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kohlberg believed that children could not be influenced outside experiences until they developed cognitively. holds that before social and environmental forces can influence a child's concept of gender, the child must first gain a certain awareness or understanding about the gender

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3 phases of gender understanding

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1. gender identity
2. gender stability
3. gender constancy

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phase 1. gender identity

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well before kindergarten, children know differences exist between boys and girls. around 3, children become keenly aware that they are biologically male or female.

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phase 2. gender stability

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sometime between the ages of 4 and six children reach the realization that their gender will always be the same--that they were a boy or a girl as a baby and will be a one when they grow up.

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phase 3. gender constancy

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between k and 2nd grade, children understand that acting like a girl if you are a boy doesn't make you a girl, vice versa.

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equality under the law

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sexual harassment is prohibited by the civil rights acts of 1964.

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irrelevant sexualization

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uses women's bodies in sexual ways in an attempt to attract attention.

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infanticization

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presents women as childish, coy, silly, passive, or vulnerable. this is in contrast to men who are commonly portrayed as strong, confident, assertive, and serious

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domestication

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defines women as in relationship to their husbands, boyfriends, or the man whom they are attracted to. even if the female tv character works outside of the home environment, she is typically shown interacting n her home relationships and not in her home environment

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distortion of female body image

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seen in the increasingly thinner and thinner females portrayed in primetime tv, such as the leads in desperate housewives

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victimization

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portrays women as victims of violent acts or as victims of female and male brutality