Central Europe

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Belvedere 1706, Hildebrandt

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St. Charles Borromeo, Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Vienna 1716-36

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Renaissance vs Baroque

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Renaissance 16th cent= flat, linear

Baroque 1800-1900= animated, dynamic, layered, more 3D, plastic --- HABSBURGS

Baroque and Rococo are styles of power -- Church and governmenttherefore the reaction to the Baroque is both aesthetic AND political

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End of 30 Years War

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1648

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Biedermeier

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1815-1848 = style of middle class

simple elegant reduced neo classicism

functionality is emphasized

furniture is light and moveable

clean, simple lines...lighter aesthetic

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Central European Industrialization

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1840s-1860s = real force of industrialization in Central/Eastern Europe

1860s we are getting steel with Bessemer Process

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1830s

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historical education + new materials + new typologies => HISTORICISMusing the past creativelyforms change in scale and placementnew materials

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Michael Thonet

Model 14 Bentwood Chair 1859

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Vienna State Opera, 1861-69original plans by August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Nüllarchitect = Josef Hlávka, Czechrepresentative of the new bourgeoisie institutions1st major building on the Ringstrasseneo-renaissancebitterly criticized at the time as “far too simple” “too modern”pronounced functionality

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historicism

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admixture, eclecticism, rearrangement of elements, rescaled

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glacis

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pen space around the moat/wallsso called because it was slippery, slight embankment for fortification purposes

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1848

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middle class revolution,

put down in Austria by Franz Josef of the Habsburgs....creates a parliament stock markect new institutions and tears down the old walls

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Ringstrasse

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Ringstrasse (formal development begins 1959...developed until 1890s)developed land will have retail/offices on ground floor and housing for haute bourgeoisieredevelopment of the area happens in just 20-25 yearsmonumental buildings include universities, museums, parliament, theater, Volksgarten, city hall

Karl von Hasenaur + Gottfried Semper

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Sitte vs Wagner

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Ringstrasse raises questions about DENSITY and URBANISMSitte thinks that the squares serve no purpose, boulevards are too large, not monumental but also not functional. wanted medieval city planning => small, intimate, picturesqueWagner on the other hand doesn’t like the ringstrasse because he wants better traffic flow -- large boulevards barreling through the old city (ie tear down the medieval parts) --- wants modern transportation network.

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1880s

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architects are dissatisfied with historicism

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Ver Sacrum

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Vienna Secession

Jugendstil / Secessionist Art Nouveau - 3 April 1897 by Gustav Klimt, Koloman Moser, Josef Hoffmann, Joseph Maria Olbrich, Max Kurzweil, Otto Wagner, and others.

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Otto Wagner

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1841 -1918

1899 - Chair of Architecture

between this and the huge urban ringstrasse project, Wagner becomes very well knownhis students help push him to modernismWagner’s inaugural speech = “Modern Architecture”full frontal assault on historicisminteresting because Wagner hasn’t fully worked out what this will look like ex

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Ringstrasse Competition

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1893 = Vienna Competition for RingstrasseUrban Planning competition to address transportation, train, floodingWagner winsproposes a tunnel and covers the Vienna Riverpublic transportation to connect railwaysDanube is dammed and channeledRings of inner city trains

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Karlsplatz Stadtbahn Station, 1899, Wagner art nouveau/Jugendstil styleart nouveau sunflowersconstruction and form are MODERNsteel frame with inset marble - only 1.25in thick wallsJoseph Maria Olbrich helps, working in Wagner’s office at the time

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Postal Savings Bank, Wagner, 1904-06last major building on the Ringstrassegovernment builds a socialist bank run through the post officegov wants to hire the most radical architect - Wagner - to build itfacade is very thin sheets of of stone (2.5-3in thick), aluminum bolts appear be holding up the stone, but they are also mortaredaluminum for statues and columnsfloor is translucent glassbarrel vault of steel mullions and glass hanging from a truss, heated to melt snowreinforced concrete

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Church of St. Leopold (Kirche am Steinhof), Steinhof Psychiatric Hospital, Vienna, 1903-07one of the most important Wagner buildings, definitely most important art nouveau churchmosaics and stained glass by Kolomon Moservery simplifiedbolted thin masonryabstracted detailsiron frame domeno columns inside!interior dome is suspended from the iron domeornamentation not by Wagnerdoorway is a glass box

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exhibition hall built in 1897 by Joseph Maria Olbrich

a bit of an odd, bifurcated. It’s on the square, facing the Church of St. ____ and the technical university and the academy of fine arts. Vastly different from any of the nearby buildings. Top is like this golden cabbage. -Olbrich wanted white, chaste, simple, direct. Inspired by the Greel Ruins in Sicily, solemnly inspired, not mimicking. He wanted a building that could express the new language of the Art Nouveau.

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Kunstschau, 1908 Josef Hoffmann

emilie simandl (sculpture)

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Josef Hoffmann

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designs office of the Secessionist building and founds Wiener Werkstatte with Moser

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Joseph Maria Olbrich

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Secessionist Building,

Karlsplatz Stadtbahn,

wedding tower

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Joseph Maria Olbrich, 1905-8

Wedding Tower in Darmstadt

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Wiener Werkstatte

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1903 -32

Hoffmann and Koloman Moser found a design workshop. wood, metal, jewelry furniture

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Czech National Theater 1868-83, Zitek

neo renaissance exteriorfire screen is historicist, but with Czech nationalist symbols and mythologyinstitution building = national identity building

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Friedrich Ohmann - House of the Czech Eagle, 1897

german speaker creating Czech national architectureusing Czech renaissance form languagepainted symbols are Czech

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Libuše

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Czech founding mother, mythic

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Wenceslas Square

Grand Hotel Europa 1905-6 in French art nouveau style

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Jan Kotera

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Jan Kotera 1871-1923studied architecture in Prague, then went to study with Otto Wagner for 3 years, then moved back to Prague

Kotera and Czech architects are trying to get buildings to SPEAK to complex ideas of identity, modernism, place, etc through FORM

Villa Kotera is more successful at this (1909)

Kotera abandons symbolism early on in favor of minimalism and beginning of purified functionalismUrbanek Building - concrete frame with brick infillreduction and materiality!1909-10 Kotera decides that modernism is: simple, immediate, tectonically expressive, unornamented - purified modernism

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Villa Kotera, 1909

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Ausgleich

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1867 - Austro-Hungarian Compromise “Ausgleich”Habsburg Emperor is forced to compromisequasi-independenceseparate kingdomself-governing except military/state department/treasury

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Imre Steindlnew Hungarian Parliament buildinggothic revival (similar to British parliament building)along the Danube on East side

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1896 - 1000th anniversary of the founding of Hungaryneo classical monument with victory column in excedra hellenistic, but with statues in Hungarian garbfair recreates Hungary’s past in architecturemedieval castle -- invented form languageSUPERhungarian

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Odon Lechner

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1860-70s - student and young architect is involved in rapid growth and expansion of Budapestgoes to Berlin, studies with Schinkel, returns to Budapestexplores medievalism (sim to USA stick style)builds apartments for railway pension -- eclectic gothic/french chateaulate 1880s explores Orientalist fantasy architecture

Kiskimet City Hall

Museum of Applied Arts

Geological Institute

Postal Savings Bank

Church of St. Elizabeth - Blue Church

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Kiskimet City Hall

Odon Lechner

persian, exotic, gothic w/ renaissance parapetwants to discover identity, Hungarian roots

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Museum and School of Applied Arts, Lechner, 1896

polychromaticlots of pinnacles and finialsfantasy and myth based on folk objects - pottery and textilesscalloped arches and balustradescentral court under glass and iron roof that looks like a green house

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St. Elizabeth’s Church, 1907-13present day Slovakia - deliberate and forced assimilationblueinstitution of new national style = part of forced assimilation campaign

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Bela Lajta

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Bela Lajtachanged his Germanic name to a more Hungarian sounding namedisciple of LechnerJewish Cemetery in Budapest - Gaudi-esque with affectations of Hungarianess1905 - embraces functionaismSandor Schmidl & Sons store = purified modernismLajta does both nationalist art nouveau AND purified nationalism for a few years

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Parisiana Night Club, 1907-9, Bela Lajtaneo classical templemodified classicism = art decocornice statuettes in black stone (proto Metzner and FLW)

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Proto-functionalism - Vas Street vocational school 1909-13Peter Behrens builds a similar looking embassy in St Petersburg around this time

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istvan medgyaszay

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Budapest 1977-1959

studies with Wagner

hungarian folk idioms AND modernism

Artists homes, Gödöllő, 1904–06

Artists homes, Gödöllő, 1904–06

proto curtain wall design in 1902

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istvan medgyaszay

Mul’a Churchreinforced concretevery plasticHungarian medieval form with rotundamodern AND hungarian

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Artists homes, Gödöllő, 1904–06

proto functionalist artist colony, somewhat Italian, stripped down vernacular

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Poland Witkiewicz 1897folk style farm housesunburst pattern - quasi art nouveauPolish AND newvernacular thatched roof farm housetwo joined masses -- functional massing -- house and barnmodernized is more picturesque massing...essentially Victorian

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Dušan Jurkovič

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Slovak

1868-1947

Ethnographic Exhibit

cemeteries

folk idiom

goes super modern after WWI

father was part of Slovak literature group (illegal) which collected oral traditionsbecomes interested in Slovak Nationalismmoves to Vienna and studies with Sittegoes to Slovak villages for inspriation ie Cicmanywants to revitalize Slovak traditionphotographs and interviewswasn’t allowed to publish in Hungarypublishes a series in Vienna

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1895 = Czechoslovak Ethnographic Exhibition in PragueJurkovic exhibitsethnographic villagepeople from Cicmany sneak across the border to move to Prague, recreate their village and live in it

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Brno 1906polyglot architecturenear Slovakia….Jurkovic wasn’t leagally allowed back in Slovakiadesigns his own house ⇒ medieval, modern, slovak folk and english arts and crafts

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Jurckovic Cemeteries

no way to ship bodies back so cemeteries are made across Europecovered crosses protect from rain so they last longerwood, concrete, stone --- any locally available material!usually on a hill for prominencemodernized folk formseach cemetery is unique

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wagner school

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Wagner SchoolVienna Academy had 2 studio professorsstudents studied for 3 years with one studio professoreach prof takes about 10 studentsto get in you would take your porfolio to Wagner on a specific day and he would say yes or noUNCANNY EYE FOR TALENThis assistant Fabiani does most of the teaching and Wagner comes in for evaulationWagner’s students are great a drawing212 students total150 from Empireothers from Russia, Poland, ItalyGerman and Czech speakers incl Kotera and Medgyazysignature look / unified style ---- Jugendstihl

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Jože Plečnik

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Slovak, Ljubljana

student of Wagner

interventions on Prague Castle

1872-1957

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Jože Plečnik furniture

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Max Fabiani

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studio professor for Wagner, did most of the teaching

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Max Fabiani1898 Portois and Fix Buildingmodern furniture companyshowroom office and manufacturing (apartments for rent above)VERY advanced for 1898NO historicist referencesmajolica tile -- green geometric

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HMK

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Emil Hoppe, Marcel Kammerer, Schonthal. all students of Wagner

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Huber and Franz Gessner, Villa Gessner 1907big cube with two urns (FLW!)flat roof with long overhanging eaveeven fenestrationstill has bay windowsFactory Complex design 1908 simple massinglots of glazingsome “candy box” decorationpolychromatic brick

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Sepp Hubatsch

goes on to teach at a vocational schoolpractices on the sidecommissioned for row houses from 1901-10illustrates the transformation of the Jugendstihl1901 lots of trees and leaves1904/5 - simplified winged victories with gold motto1909-10 - purified geometry