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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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treats persistent dysrhythmias not responsive to meds; increase CO with bradydysrhythmias by increasing HR; decrease VT or SVT by overdriving contractions; HB
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pacemakers
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used to control tachycardia or vfib
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AICD
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ausculatation of aortic area, pulm area, Erb's point, tricuspid area, and apical
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heart sounds
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"lub" closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves; heard at apex/left ventricular area
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S1
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"dub" closure of hte aortic and pulm valves; heard at the base
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S2
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time between S1 and S1
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systole
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time between S2 and next S1
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diastole
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gallops, snapr or clicks
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ventricular disease
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stenosis of the valves or failure of the valves to close
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murmurs
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friction rub
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pericarditis
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S2 and S3 in children; may indicate heart failure or LV failure in older adults; pt lying on L side
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gallop rhythms
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S4 and S1; CAD, HTN, or AV stenosis
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ventricular hypertrophy
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unusual high pitched sound occurring after S2 with stenosis of MV from rheumatic HD
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opening snap
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brief high pitched sound occurring immediately after S1 with stenosis of aortic valve
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ejection click
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harsh, grating sound heard in systole and diastole with pericarditis
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friction rub
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caused by turbulent blood flow from stenotic or malfunctioning valves, congenital defects, or increased blood flow
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murmur
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pad placement for cardioversion
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L chest and and L back
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electrical shock delivered during ventricular depolarization (QRS)
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synchronized cardioversion
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assesses the CO and pressure in the R heart as pulsations relate to changes in R atrium; not accurate if HR>100
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jugular venous pressure (internal)
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elevate HOB to 45/90, head to R, light at angle to illuminate veins, measure height of jugular above sternal joint (normal <4 cm)
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JVD assessment
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indicates increase pressure in R atrium, and R heart failure
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JVD >4 cm
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both radial and ulnar artery are compressed and the pt is asked to clench the hand repeatedly until it blanches and one artery is released with tissue flushing; repeat with other artery
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Allen Test
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evaluates perfusion as it shows pressure throughout the cardiac cycle; SBP 1/3 and DBP 2/3
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MAP
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[(diastole x 2) + (systole x 1)] divided by 3
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MAP
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what is MAP: 120/60
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80
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difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
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pulse pressure
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needed to perfuse coronary arteries
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MAP >60
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needed to perfuse the brain and other organs; decrease the workload of the L ventricle
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MAP 70-90
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needed to increased cerebral perfusion after N/S procedures such as CEA
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MAP 90-110
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incision anterolateral over 5th rib and into 4th intercostal space
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thoracotomy
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convert plasminogen to plasmin which breaks down fibrin and dissolves clots
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throbolytics/fibrinolytics
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MI less than 6-12 hours (30 best); 1 mm ST elevation in 2 leads;
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indications for fibrinolytics
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bleeding or hx; 2-6 mos of brain injury; anticoagulants; uncontrolled HTN; pericarditis; pregnancy; N/S or neoplasm within 2 mos; CPR >10 mins
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contraindications of firbrinolytics
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red color for head
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Broselow tape
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diagnose pericardial effusion or relieve cardiac tamponade; tx PEA with JVD
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pericardiocentesis
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interfere with function of the plasma membrane, interfering with clotting; prevent clot formation (clopidigrel, ticlopidine)
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antiplatelet agents
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divert blood from ischemic areas which dilates arteris and decreases clotting; control intermittent claudication
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vasodilators
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slow progression of atherosclerosis
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antilipemic
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reduces fibrinogen, blood viscosity and rigidity of erythrocytes (pentoxifylline)
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hemorrheologics
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injected into blocked artery under angio to dissolve clots
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thrombolytics
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prevents blood clots from forming
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anticoagulants
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weakness in wall of aorta causes ballooning dilation
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aortic aneurysm
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caused by a hematoma that may pulsate and erode the vessel wall
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false aneurysm
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bulging of 1-3 layers of the vessel wall; surgery at 5 cm
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true aneurysm
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symmetric bulging about the entire circumference of the vessel
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fusiform aneurysm
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splits the layers of the wall usually caused by an expanding hematoma
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dissecting aneurysm
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occurs when the wall of the aorta is torn and blood flows between the layers of the wall, dilating and weakening it until it risks rupture
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dissecting aortic aneurysm
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classification using anatomic location as the focal point
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DeBakey
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begins in the ascending aorta but may spread to include the aortic arch and the descending aorta; considered a proximal lesion (Stanford A)
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type I aneurysm
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restricted tot he ascending aorta; considered a proximal lesion (Stanford A)
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type 2
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restricted to the descending aorta; considered a distal lesion (Stanford B)
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type 3 (abd)
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reduce SBP to reduce force of blood as it leaves the ventricle to reduce pressure against aortic wall
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antiHTN in aneurysms
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impairment of blood flow through the coronary arteries leading to ischemia of the cardiac muscle and angina pectoris lasint <5 minutes
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stable angina
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occurs when supine because fluid redistribution increases cardiac workload
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angina decubitus
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progression of CAD occuring with change in stable angina pattern
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unstable angina (preinfarction or crescendo)
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spasms of the CA in pt with or without plaques often related to smoking, olcohol or drugs; ST elevation typical ; occurs same time daily often at rest
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variant angina (Prinzmetal's)
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L ventricular hypertrophy
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ventricular tachyarrhythmias
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results from ischemia of RCA or AV node, hypoxia, hypercarbia, SSS
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brady asystole
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presence of organized rhythm without pulse caused by decrease in CO; hypovolemia
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PEA
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atropine, dopamine or epi, AV pacing
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tx for bradycardias
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occurs when an infant is limp, cyanotic, apneic but resuscitated
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apparent life threatning event (ALTE)
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cardiac disease that includes disorfers of contractions (systolic) or filling (diastolic) and include pulm, peripheral and systemic edema
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heart failure
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pt asx during activities with no pulm congestion or peripheral hypotension; no restricion on activities
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Class 1 HF
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sx appear with physical exertion and absent at rest cuasing limitation in ADLs; slight pulm edema and basilar rales
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Class 2 HF
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obvious limitations of ADLs and discomfort on exertion; fair prognosis
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Class 3 HF
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syptomos ar rest; prognosis poor
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Class 4 HF
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left sided failure and reduced EF causing increased epi and norepi to support myocardium
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systolic HF
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amount of blood ejected from the ventricles during contraction
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EF
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mycardium unable to relax for filling of the ventricles
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diastlic HF
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caused by ANS or hypotension and decrease in O2
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sinus brady
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absence of P wave bur HR and CO stable
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junctional/nodal rhythms
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caused by illness, such as fever or infection
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ST
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sudden onset and result in CHF (rate 200-300)
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SVT
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irregular pulses that often occure post-op
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conduction irregularities
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arise from artria or ventricles
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PAC/PVC
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caused by a decrease in impulse for the sinus node; caused by hypothermia, sleep; Ca and Beta blockers, comiting, suctioning, defectating; increased ICP; MI
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SB
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sinus node impulse increases in frequency decreasing diastolic filling and reduces CO; shock, anemia, hypovolemia, HF, meds, blood loss
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ST
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atropine 0.5-1 mg IV to block vagal stimulation
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SB med
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calcium channel blockers and beta blockers
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reduce HR
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irregular impulses from the sinus node, paradoxical
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SA
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