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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the main two types of organism? (2) |
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic |
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What is the difference between prokaryotic and eucaryotic cells? (4) |
Eukaryotic cells are more complex and they make up eukaryotic organisms (eg plants, animals and fungi) |
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What are organelles? (1) |
Parts of cells that each have a specific function. |
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What type of microscope would you use to see the organelles of a cell and the internal structure of most of them? (1) |
Electron microscope. |
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What is cell ultrastructure? (2) |
The details of a cell's internal structure and organelles that can be seen under an electron microscope. |
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What can be found in both plant and animal cells? (10) |
Plasma membrane (cell membrane), rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus, nucleus, mitochondrion, cytoplasm, golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, ribosome |
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What can be found in only plant cells? (4) |
Vacuole, chloroplast, plasmodesmata, cell wall. |
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What can be found in only animal cells? (1) |
Lysosomes. |
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What is a 'plasmodesmata'? (1) |
A channel on the cell wall for exchanging substances between adjacent cells. |
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What does a vacuole contain? (1) |
Cell sap.
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What is the plasma membrane made of and what is it's function? (3) |
It is made of lipids and protein and it regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell. It also has receptor molecules on it, which allow it to respond to chemicals like hormones. |
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What is the cell wall made of and what is it's function? (2) |
It is mainly made of the carbohydrate cellulose and it supports plant cells. |
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What is the nucleus? (5) |
It is a large organelle surrounded by a nuclear envelope (double membrane), which contains many pores. The nucleus contains chromatin (which is made from DNA and proteins) and often a structure called the nucleolus. |
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What is the function of the nucleus? (5) |
Controls the cell's activities (by controlling the transcription of DNA). DNA contains instructions to make proteins. The pores allow substances to move between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The nucleolus makes ribosomes. |
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What is a lysosome and what does it do? (4) |
It is a round organelle surrounded by a membrane, with no clear internal structure. It contains digestive enzymes that are kept separate from the cytoplasm by the surrounding membrane and can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell. |
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What is a ribosome and what does it do? (5) |
A very small organelle that either floats free in the cytoplasm or is attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. It's made up of proteins and RNA. It's not surrounded by a membrane. This is the site where proteins are made. |
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What is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and what does it do? (3) |
It is a system of membranes enclosing a fluid filled space. The surface is covered with ribosomes. It folds and processes proteins that have been made at the ribosomes. |
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What is the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum and what does it do? (2) |
It is similar to the RER but doesn't have ribosomes attached. It synthasises and processes lipids. |
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What is a vesicle, what does it do and where can it be made? (5) |
A small fluid filed sac in the cytoplasm surrounded by a membrane. It transports substances in and out of the cell and between organelles. Some are formed at the golgi apparatus or the endoplasmic reticulum while others are formed at the cell surface.
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What is the Golgi Apparatus and what does it do? (4) |
A group of fluid filled, membrane bound flattened sacs. Vesicles are often seen at the edges of the sacs. It processes and packages new lipids and proteins. It also makes lysosomes. |
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What is Mitochondrion and what does it do? (8) |
It's usually oval-shaped. It has a double mebrane- the inner one is folded to form structures called cristae. Inside is the matrix, which contains enzymes involved in respiration. It's the site of aerobic respiration, were ATP is produced. Mitochondria are found in large quantities in cells that are very active and require a lot of energy. |
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What is a chloroplast and what does it do? (7) |
A small, flattened structure found in plant cells. It's surrounded by a double membrane, and also has membranes inside it called thylakoid membranes. These membranes are stacked up in some parts of the chloroplast to form grana. Grana are linked together by lamallae (thin, flat pieces of thylakoid membrane). It is the site where photosynthasis takes place. Some parts of photosynthasis take place in the Grana and other parts happen in the stroma (a thick fluid found in the chloroplasts). |
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What is a centriole and what does it do? (3) |
Small, hollow cylinders, made of microtubules (tiny protein cylinders). Found in animal cells, but only some plant cells. It is involved with the separation of chromosomes during cell division. |
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What is Cillia and what does it do? (4) |
A small, hair-like structure found on the surface membrane of some animal cells. In cross-section, they have an outer membrane and a ring of nine pairs of protein microtubules inside, with a pair of microtubules in the middle. The microtubules allow the cillia to move. This movement is used by the cell to move substances along the cell surface. |
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What is a flagella and what does it do? (3) |
Like cillia but longer. They stick out from the cell surface and are surrounded by the plasma membrane. Inside they're like cilia too- two microtubules in the centre and nine pairs around the edge. The microtubules contract to make the flagella move. |
