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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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GAPs |
- GTPase Activating Proteins - Assists in hydrolysis of GTP |
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TGF ß |
- Transforming Growth Factor ß - Binds to a certain class of serine-threonine kinase receptors - Regulates... cell proliferation, programmed cell death, specialization of cells, key events in embryonic development |
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GEF |
- Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor - Removes GDP from active site for binding by GTP |
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RGS |
- Regulators of G Protein Signaling - Act as GAPs |
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MAP Kinases |
- Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases - Involved in Ras pathway - Activated by MEK phosphorylation - Activated when cells receive stimulus to grow and divide - Functions: Phosphorylate transcription factors, Jun, Ets |
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Epinephrine |
- (Adrenaline) - Endocrine hormone - Product of the adrenal gland - Life span of a few seconds - Target tissues: heart, liver - Binds to adrenergic receptors |
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GLUT4 |
- Component of insulin signaling - Glucose transporter protein - Movement activated by Akt - Movement from vesicles in cytosol to plasma membrane allows glucose uptake |
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Insulin |
- Ligand for receptor tyrosine kinases - Long lifespan - Target tissues: liver and skeletal muscles - Protein hormone - Ultimately reduces blood sugar levels |
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Smads |
- Class of proteins - R-Smads: "receptor-regulated" Smads - C-Smads (Smad4): Form multi protein complexes with phosphorylated R-Smads - I-Smads: "Inhibitor" Smads - Regulate gene expression - Activated as a result of growth factor binding (e.g., TGF ß) to serine-threonine receptor kinases - Signals terminated when R-smad is degraded or moves back to cytosol |
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Akt |
- Protein Kinase B - Role in insulin signalling pathway - PIP3 binds to Akt - Leads to movement of glucose transporter to the membrane |
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PI 3-kinase |
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase - Can be activated by receptor tyrosine kinases - Phosphorylates plasma membrane phospholipid phophatidylinositol - Regulates cell growth and movement - Role in insulin signalling (catalyzes conversion of PIP2 to PIP3) |
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IRS-1 |
- Insulin Receptor Susbtrate 1 - Protein in insulin pathway - Phosphorylated by ß sun bin as a result of insulin binding - Can stimulate 2 pathways: 1) Recruitment of GRB2 to activate Ras pathway 2) Bind PI 3-kinase |
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PTEN |
- Regulator of insulin signalling - Enzyme that acts to oppose PI 3-kinase - Removes phosphate group from PIP3 - Prevents activation of Akt |
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GRKs |
- G protein-linked receptor kinases - Regulate G protein-linked receptors by desensitizing - Phosphorylation of specific amino acids in the G protein-linked receptor's cytosolic domain |
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Ras |
- From Rat Sarcoma - Single subunit - Active state: bound to GTP - Ultimately activates expression of genes involved in growth or development - Activated by Sos - Activates protein kinase |
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Sos |
- "Son of Sevenless" - Guanine-nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) - Activates Ras by converting GDP to GTP ("on switch") - Binds indirectly to the receptor tyrosine kinase through GRB2 to become active |
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GRB2 |
- Forms complex with Sos to bind to receptor tyrosine kinase to activate Sos - Contains an SH2 domain |
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EGF |
- Epidermal Growth Factor - Ligand for the Ras pathway - Bind to receptor tyrosine kinases |
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Raf |
- Protein kinase - First protein involved in Ras pathway - When activated, phosphorylates serine and threonine residues in protein, MEK |
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MEK |
- Protein Kinase - Involved in Ras pathway - Activated by phosphorylation by Raf - Phosphorylates serine and threonine residues in MAPKs |
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Ets |
- Family of transcription factors - Regulate gene expression - Phosphorylated by MAPKs in the Ras pathway |
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Jun |
- Component of the AP-1 transcription factor - Phosphorylated by MAPKs in the Ras pathway - Regulate gene expression of proteins whose products are needed for cells to grow and divide |
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PIP2 |
- Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate - One of the phospholipids present in the membrane - Broken down by the enzyme phospholipase C to IP3 and DAG |
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IP3 |
- Releases calcium from intracellular stores in the ER to the cytosol - Produced when phopholipase C cleaves PIP2 to form IP3 and DAG |
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DAG |
- Diacylglycerol - Produced when phospholipase C cleaves PIP2 to form IP3 and DAG - Remains in membrane upon production |
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Phospholipase C (PLC) |
Phospholipase Cß: - Activation can lead to production of IP3 and DAG - Activated by GPCRs Phospholipase Cɣ: - Contains SH2 domain - Activated by receptor tyrosine kinase - Activation can lead to production of IP3 and DAG |
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cAMP |
- Cyclic AMP - Second messenger - Allosteric regulator of protein kinase A (stimulates activity) |
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Calmodulin |
- Calcium Modulating Protein - "Arm" with "hand" at each end - "Hands" bind to Ca2+ - Binding to calcium induces a change in conformation - Binding to a protein can alter function |
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Erk |
- |
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PDGF |
- Plateletd-derived Growth Factor - Associates with receptor tyrosine kinase |
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BMP |
- Bone Morphogenic Protein - Ligand for Smad signalling |
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PKA |
- Protein Kinase A - Phosphorylates amino acids on G protein-linked receptors to inhibit activity - Involved in desensitization - Catalyzes phosphorylation of a variety of proteins |
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CRE |
- Cyclic AMP response element - DNA sequences - Located adjacent to genes whose transcription is induced by cAMP |
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CBP |
- CREB Binding Protein - Transcriptional co-activator - Recruited by CREB upon its phosphorylation - Catalyzes histone acetylation (loosens nucleosome packing and interacts with RNA polymerase to facilitate assembly of the transcription machinery at nearby gene promoters) |
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CREB |
- CRE Binding Protein - Transcription factor - Binds to CRE DNA sequences to increase or decrease the transcription of downstream genes |
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Calcium Ionophores |
- Cause membranes to become permeable to calcium, allowing entry to the cytosol from the ER and extracellular stores and mimicking the effect of IP3 |
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Adenylate Cyclase |
- Converts ATP to cAMP
- cAMP does not phosphorylate target proteins |
