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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what are the 2 types of reproduction?
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asexual reproduction
sexual reproduction |
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what is asexual reproduction?
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one parent cell that makes an identical copy of itself
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what is sexual reproduction?
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2 parent cells that combine their genetic material to make non-identical cells
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what is interphase?
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the cell is just existing; living its normal life
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what are the 3 phases that occur in interphase?
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G1 phase
S phase G2 phase |
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what is the G1 phase?
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growing phase
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what is the S phase?
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synthesis of DNA (DNA replication)
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what is the G2 phase?
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makes proteins for mitosis
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what are the poles?
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the top and bottom of the cells
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what are the steps of mitosis?
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prophase
metaphase anaphase telophase |
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what happens in prophase?
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1. the nucleus is taken apart
2. chromatin gets thicker and forms chromosomes 3. spindle forms |
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what is the structure of a chromosome?
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it is formed by chromatids held together with a centriomere
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how do you know a cell is in prophase?
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there is no nucleus
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what happens in metaphase?
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chromosomes are moved to the middle of the cell by the spindle
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how do you know a cell is in metaphase?
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all the chromosomes are lined up in the middle
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what happens in anaphase?
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1. the centriomeres break apart causing the chromosomes to split
2. the chromatids are pulled in separate directions |
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how do you know a cell is in anaphase?
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the chromatids are being pulled apart
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what happens in telophase?
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1. 2 nuclei are formed
2. chromosomes condense to form chromatin 3. the spindle is taken apart |
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how do you know a cell is in telophase?
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there are 2 nuclei
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why does mitosis occur?
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1. help us grow
2. help cells reproduce 3. help us heal |
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what is the result of mitosis?
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2 diploid cells that are identical
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what is cytokinesis?
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the cell membrane pinches in to separate the 2 newly formed cells from mitosis
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what is the problem for plant cells in cytokinesis?
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plant cells have a cell wall which cannot pinch in; therefore, a new cell wall is placed in between the 2 new cells instead of them separating.
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what are cyclins?
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proteins that start to accumulate as the cell grows in the G1 phase
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what is a cancer cell?
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a cell that does not stop undergoing mitosis (abnormal; uncontrollable reproduction of cells)
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what is differentiation?
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different types of cells get their jobs bcuz they are making special proteins
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what is meiosis?
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process in which the body makes gamete cells and mixes up the genes
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what is a diploid cell?
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the full set of chromosomes
-body cells |
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what is a haploid cell?
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half the number of chromosomes
-reproductive cells |
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how many chromosomes do each of your cells have?
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46
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what are the 2 main divisions of meiosis?
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meiosis 1
-diploid cell splits in half to form 2 cells meiosis 2 -the 2 newly formed cells create 2 each |
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what are the steps of meiosis 1?
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interphase
prophase 1 metaphase 1 anaphase 1 telophase 1 |
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what happens in prophase 1?
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1. nucleus separates
2. spindle forms 3. chromosomes form 4. synapsis 5. crossing over |
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what is synapsis?
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when homologous chromosomes pair up to form a tetrad
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what is crossing over?
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when the genes get mixed up
-if this didn't occur, all the gametes would be the same |
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what happens in metaphase 1?
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tetrads are moved to the middle of the cell
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what happens in anaphase 1?
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tetrads break apart
-chromosomes are pulled apart -this is disjunction |
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what happens in telophase 1?
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2 nuclei
2 new haploid cells |
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what are the steps of meiosis 2?
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prophase 2
metaphase 2 anaphase 2 telophase 2 |
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what happens in each of these steps?
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the same as mitosis
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what is the result of meiosis 1?
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2 haploid cells are formed
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what is the result of meiosis 2?
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4 haploid cells are formed
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which type of cells undergo meiosis/mitosis?
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mitosis: somatic cells
meiosis: sex cells |
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are mitosis/meiosis cells identical to their parent cells?
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mitosis: yes
meiosis: no |
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what is the role of mitosis/meiosis?
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mitosis: growth and repair
meiosis: sexual reproduction |
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what is oogenesis?
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meiosis in females
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where does it occur?
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the ovaries
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when was this complete?
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by the time we were born
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what is oogonium?
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the special diploid cells in the ovaries of females that start meiosis
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what is the result of oogenesis?
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1 normal cell and 3 polar bodies
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what is the hormone associated with this process?
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estrogen
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what is menopause?
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the person's eggs cannot mature
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what is spermatogenesis?
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meiosis for males
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where does this occur?
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the testis
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what is spermatogonium?
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the special diploid cell in males
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what is the result of spermatogenesis?
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4 mature sperm
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when does this process begin?
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after puberty and goes until after death
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which parent determines the gender of the child?
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the male
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what is karyotyping?
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takes pictures of chromosomes and counts them
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what is helicase?
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the enzyme that unravels the DNA and makes it straight
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what is DNA polymerase?
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the enzyme that adds nucleotides
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what is gyrase?
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enzyme that twists the 2 new strands of DNA
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what is a mutation?
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the result of a mistake in DNA replication
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