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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Interphase |
The cell carries out normal functions but also prepares to divide The cell's DNA unravels and replicates, so that there is double the genetic content The organelles are also replicated so it has spare ones, and its ATP content is increased |
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Prophase |
The chromosomes condense (get shorter and fatter) Centrioles start moving to opposite ends of the cell, this forms spindle (a network of protein fibres) The nuclear envelope breaks down and chromosomes lie free in the cytoplasm |
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Metaphase |
The chromosomes line up along the equator and become attached to the spindle by their centromere |
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Anaphase |
The centromeres divide, separating each pair of sister chromatids The spindles contract, pulling chromatids to opposite ends of the cell, centromere first |
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Telophase |
The chromatids reach the opposite poles on the spindle They uncoil and become long and thin again They're now called chromosomes again A nuclear envelope forms around each group of chromosomes, so there are now two nuclei The cytoplasm divides and there are now two daughter cells that are genetically identical o the original cell and to each other Mitosis is finished and each daughter cell starts the interphase part of the cell cycle to get ready for the next round of mitosis |
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Mitosis
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Reproducing asexually This means that new organisms produced are genetically identical to the parent organism |
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Budding
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A bud forms at the surface of the cell The cell undergoes interphase The cell begins to undergo mitosis Nuclear division is complete - the budding cell contains a nucleus that has an identical copy of the parent cell's DNA The bud separates off from the parent cell, producing a new, genetically identical yeast cell |
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Yeast cells
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Yeast are single-celled microorganisms They're a type of fungi They are eukaryotic They can reproduce asexually (budding) Budding involves mitosis, this means that the offspring are genetically identical to the parent cell |
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Meiosis
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Reproducing sexually Two gametes join together at fertilisation to form a zygote The zygote then divides and develops into a new organism Meiosis is a type of cell division that happens in reproductive organs to produce gametes Cells that are formed from meiosis have half the number of chromosomes Each new cell is genetically different because each new cell ends up with a different combination of chromosomes |
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Stem cells
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Unspecialised cells which can develop into any type of cell All multicellular organisms have some form of stem cell In humans, stem cells are found in early embryos and in a few places in adults |
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Differentiation
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Stem cells divide to become new cells, which then become specialised The process by which a cell becomes specialised for its job is differentiation |
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Cells in the bone marrow
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Bones are living organs, containing nerves and blood vessels The main bones of the body have marrow in the centres Here, adult stem cells divide and differentiate to replace worn out blood cells - erythrocytes and neutrophils |
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Cells in the cambium
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In plants, stem cells are found in the cambium In the root and stem, stem cells of the vascular cambium divide and differentiate to become xylem and phloem The vascular cambium forms a ring inside the root and shoots The cells divide and grow out from the ring, differentiating as they move away from the cambium |
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Tissue
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A group of different cells that work together to carry out a particular function
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Organ
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A group of different tissues that work together to carry out a particular function
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Organ system
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A group of different organs that work together to carry out a particular function
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