Cell Biology Test 2

Front 1

3 domains in evolutionary order

Back 1

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

Front 2

pyrococcus furiousus- domain?
optimal growth temp?

Back 2

archaea- extreme temp environment
optimal growth at 100 degrees C

Front 3

eukarya consists of what 5 kingdoms?

Back 3

animal, plant, algae, fungi, protozoa

Front 4

thermophilic archaebacteria are what domain

Back 4

bacteria

Front 5

bacterial cell length

Back 5

1-5 micrometers

Front 6

eukaryotic cell length

Back 6

10-100 micrometers

Front 7

What restricts cell size- 3 factors

Back 7

surface area/volume ratio
diffusion of molecules
maintenance of local concentration

Front 8

cell tricks- refers to what

Back 8

creation of compartments(organelles) to hide increased concentrations

Front 9

T/F all organelles have a lipid bilayer

Back 9

True, and all organelles are intracellular structures carrying out specific functions

Front 10

lipid bilayer enclosing nucleus is connected to the _______

Back 10

Endoplasmic reticulum

Front 11

production of rRNA occurs where specifically?

Back 11

nucleolus!

Front 12

gates for proteins and soluble materials to enter/exit the nucleus

Back 12

nuclear pores

Front 13

mitochondria have ___ (1/2/3?) bilayer membranes

Back 13

2

Front 14

mitochondrial structure includes 4 parts

Back 14

1 outer membrane
2 intermembrane space
3 inner membrane; infoldings = cristae
4 the matrix

Front 15

processes that occur in mitochondria

Back 15

krebs cycle, respiration, atp production

Front 16

oxygen is used to generate energy in the _______

Back 16

mitochondria

Front 17

what type of dna do mitochondria have

Back 17

ribosomes

Front 18

what separates rough from smooth ER?

Back 18

ribosomes are only on the rough

Front 19

T/F- Ribosomes severed from microsomes make first a smaller, processed protein and later
a longer form with signal sequence intact

Back 19

True

Front 20

T/F- Ribosomes severed from microsomes make first a longer, processed protein and later
a smaller form with signal sequence intact

Back 20

False

Front 21

Rough ER synthesizes what?

Back 21

proteins- membrane proteins, secreted proteins, and many others
lipids

Front 22

"N-linked" glycosylation refers to what organelle

Back 22

Rough ER

Front 23

Smooth ER- functions

Back 23

lipid synthesis
site of detoxification of chemicals

Front 24

archae cell size

Back 24

1-5 micrometers

Front 25

Golgi Apparatus- processes what?
synthesizes what?
sorts what?

Back 25

Golgi Apparatus
processes (glycosylates) proteins synthesized on rough ER
synthesizes glycolipids (polysaccharides)
sorts proteins to destinations

Front 26

Role of ER and Golgi in protein secretion:

Back 26

ER- initial glycosylation of proteins
Golgi- completes glycosylation of proteins

Front 27

lysosomes come from...

Back 27

golgi vesicles

Front 28

lysosomes perform what function

Back 28

breakdown of major macromolecules- carbs, lipids, proteins to their subunits

Front 29

How do lysosomes maintain acidity, and what enzymes benefit from this?

Back 29

maintain acidity with proton pumps in lysosomal membrane
contain enzymes called acid hydrolases that are active at acidic pH

Front 30

lysosome is the ______ ____ of the cell

Back 30

recycle center

Front 31

what are the two recycle centers of the cell

Back 31

lysosome
proteosome

Front 32

microbodies, also known as _______, degrade _______ and ________ and _________

Back 32

aka peroxisomes
degrade fatty acids, unusual compounds and hydrogen peroxide

Front 33

what do microbodies produce, and then degrade (using what enzyme), and why

Back 33

hydrogen peroxide
degrade it using enzyme catalase
because it is highly toxic to cells

Front 34

functions of peroxisomes (microbodies)(4)

Back 34

1. degrade fatty acids
2. degrade unusual compounds
3. detoxify compounds such as methanol, ethanol and formaldehyde
4. produce and degrade hydrogen peroxide

Front 35

what do plant cells have that animal cells dont?

Back 35

extra large vacuoles and chloroplasts

Front 36

endosymbiont theory... explain

Back 36

bacteria was phagocytosed by eukaryote and was digested, and eventually became mitochondria (and cyanobacteria became chloroplasts)

Front 37

T/F- the Smooth ER produces proteins

Back 37

False

Front 38

describe golgi apparatus

Back 38

processing station w/ vesicles fusing to and budding off of it

Front 39

functions of vacuoles

Back 39

Vacuole Functions
1. store nutrients, water, ions, and waste materials
2. in plants specifically- maintain turgor pressure (to keep plant from wilting)

Front 40

chloroplasts are found only in what two categories of organism?

Back 40

plants and algae

Front 41

photosynthesis also known as

Back 41

carbohydrate synthesis

Front 42

Chloroplasts...
contain __ and ___
synthesize ___ and ____
T/F is a plastid

Back 42

contain DNA and ribosomes
synthesize protein and lipids
is one of the plastids, True

Front 43

Chloroplasts have 5 components
list them

Back 43

outer membrane
intermembrane space
inner membrane
stroma
thylakoid membranes: grana

Front 44

cytoplasm
what is it
what is in it
does it have a membrane like other organelles

Back 44

cytosol (viscous gel) with organelles
fat droplets
glycogen granules
free ribosomes
the cytoskeleton
*no membrane

Front 45

Cytoskeletal composition
(tubules/filaments and diameter)

Back 45

microtubules (tubulin)- 20 nm diam
intermediate filaments(various proteins)- 10 nm
microfilaments (actin) - 7nm

Front 46

explain structural error of prions

Back 46

prions are proteins that are incompletely folded- they aggregate and then cause disease

Front 47

functions of membranes- 5

Back 47

cell barrier and permeability regulator
transport processes
organization and localization of function
signal detection and transmission
adhesion and cell-cell communication

Front 48

the fact that lipid soluble substances penetrate the membrane better than water soluble substances tells us that...

Back 48

lipid is part of the cell membrane

Front 49

phospholipids are composed of

Back 49

a. fatty acyl chains esterified to positions 1 and 2 of glycerol
b. a phosphate ester and an amino alcohol such as choline, ethanolamine, or serine at the 3 position of glycerol

Front 50

phospholipids are polar, nonpolar, or amphipathic?

Back 50

amphipathic is most correct- have charged head group and uncharged nonpolar parts

Front 51

self association of phospholipids into bilayer is due to

Back 51

hydrophobic interactions

Front 52

phospholipids form a _____, rather than a glob like __________s do, becase the polar head group can hydrogen bond with water and thus does not need to avoid water

Back 52

bilayer
triacylglycerols form a glob instead

Front 53

function of sterols, and main sterol present in plant and animal membranes (2 different sterols)

Back 53

cholesterol main sterol in animal membranes
phytosterol main sterol in plant membranes
function to stabilize and strengthen the membranes

Front 54

What did the Langmuir isotherm help us to discover w/ respect to lipid structure?

Back 54

1. amphipathic nature of lipids
2. used to determine that the membrane was a bilayer

Front 55

fatty acid tails- # carbons?
avg length in nm?

Back 55

12-20 carbons, avg 16-18
length 6-8 nm

Front 56

Whats the difference b/t the inner and outer layers of the lipid bilayer

Back 56

outer membrane is enriched with glycolipids
inner membrane PE, PS, PI
also differ in level of saturation of fatty acid tails

Front 57

membrane asymmetry...
created during what?
by enzymes only on ___ _____ of the membrane
enzymes known as _______

Back 57

created during biosynthesis
by modifying enzymes only on one site e.g. glycosylation
enzymes known as flippases

Front 58

lipid mobility
slow/fast?
types of mvmt?

Back 58

move fast- small MW- 800 Da
rotation, lateral, and
some flip flop- though rare b/c hydrophobic/hydrophilic mix- requires flippases

Front 59

florescence recovery after bleaching shows what?

Back 59

the rate of diffusion of lipids into bleached area

Front 60

Tm is what?

Back 60

temperature where transition occurs between solid gel-like state and fluid state (like MP)

Front 61

3 parameters that affect melting point

Back 61

fatty acid length
saturated vs unsaturated
sterols

Front 62

differential scanning calorimetry measures what?

Back 62

lipid bilayer melting point

Front 63

T/F cholesterol H- Bonds with phospholipid head groups?

Back 63

False,
hydroxyl hydrogen of cholesterol H-bonds with ester bond of phospholipid fatty acids, not head, and thus perturbs packing of lipids

Front 64

Cholesterol;
-is _____ and thus makes membrane less flexible
-has ______ effect on packing tails thus making the membrane more flexible
-decreases/increases permeability of membrane

Back 64

Cholesterol;
-is more rigid and thus makes membrane more flexible
-disrupts the packing tails thus making the membrane more flexible
-decreases permeability of membrane

Front 65

cis and trans fatty acids are produced during ___ ________

Back 65

partial hydrogenation

Front 66

trans-fatty acids raise/lower melting point

Back 66

raise

Front 67

natural unsaturated fatty acids are almost always cis or trans

Back 67

cis

Front 68

the ability of an organism to modify its membrane viscosity is known as what?
and how does an organism accomplish this?

Back 68

homeoviscous adaptation

occurs by changing carbon chain length, or changing saturation level of fatty acids

Front 69

lipid rafts are also known as...

Back 69

microdomains

Front 70

microdomains... explain structure

Back 70

aka lipid rafts-
cholesterol and lipid (esp. glycosphingolipid) rich structures in the membrane, structure more rigid like an island in the membrane often enriched in signal transduction proteins

Front 71

on a TLC plate, where membrane lipids are placed in a nonpolar solvent, which membrane molecules travel farthest?

Back 71

the less polar travel farther
cholesterol travels farthest

Front 72

human erythrocyte protein/lipid ratio
chloroplast thylakoid protein/lipid ratio

Back 72

1.14 for erythrocyte
2.33 for thylakoid

Front 73

peripheral proteins are
intrinsic/extrinsic
covalent/noncovalent

Back 73

extrinsic, noncovalent association with outside of bilayer

Front 74

integral proteins are intrinsic/extrinsic

Back 74

intrinsic- pass through bilayer

Front 75

lipid anchored proteins are
integral/extrinsic

Back 75

integral
the lipid part of lipoprotein is anchored in bilayer

Front 76

integral proteins- most common structure is alpha-helical/beta-sheet

Back 76

alpha, betas are very rare

Front 77

alpha helical transmembrane proteins consist of

Back 77

20-30 amino acids and single or multiple helixes

Front 78

hydropathy analysis can be used to predict _____

Back 78

transmembrane sequences, approx 20 hydrophobic amino acids

Front 79

the membrane of erythrocytes is composed of 52%______, 40% ______, and 8% _______ by weight

where are the carbohydrates found?

Back 79

the membrane of erythrocytes is composed of 52%_proteins, 40% _lipids, and 8% _carbohydrates

the carbohydrates are found on the lipids and proteins

Front 80

lipid weight _____ Da
protein weight avg ______ Da

Back 80

lipid weight 800 Da
protein weight avg 40,000 Da

Front 81

Why is the Beta Barrel membrane protein stable?

Back 81

because the beta sheet has H-bonds between its own strands, which wrap into a barrel shape, leaving only hydrophobic sidechains on the outside

Front 82

where are beta barrels found?
what organisms

Back 82

outer membrane of gram negative bacteria, and some membrane acting toxins
ex. porins

Front 83

why is the alpha helix membrane protein stable?

Back 83

satisfies polypeptide backbone H-Bonding, and has hydrophobic sidechains that face outward into lipids

Front 84

examples of helix bundle transmembrane proteins?

Back 84

HGH receptor, insulin receptor, ATP binding cassette family, MDR proteins, 7TM receptors- G protein linked receptors

Front 85

lipid anchored proteins
myristylation and palmytilation refer to proteins anchored where?
farnesylation and geranylation?

Back 85

lipid anchored proteins
myristylation and palmytilation - anchored at plasma membrane covalent to fatty acids
farnesylation and geranylation- in cytosol

Front 86

T/F all membrane proteins can move laterally within the lipid bilayer

Back 86

False, only most

Front 87

the cell fusion experiment demonstrated what?

Back 87

membrane protein mobility

Front 88

what are the three components of the cytoskeleton, and explain their structure/names

Back 88

microfilaments- actin
microtubules-tubulin
intermediate filaments- composed of many types of proteins which are covalently linked to each other

Front 89

asymmetry of membrane proteins-
oligosaccharides of glycoproteins on interior/exterior surface of plasma membrane

Back 89

oligosaccharides of glycoproteins are on the exterior surface of the plasma membrane

Front 90

How to determine sidedness of membrane proteins...

Back 90

use lactoperoxidase- an enzyme that cannot penetrate the plasma membrane

Front 91

solutes refers to

Back 91

ions and small organic molecules

Front 92

what passes through the membrane by simple diffusion?

Back 92

gases- O2, CO2, small organic molecules

Front 93

facilitated diffusion occurs for passage of what molecules? (3)

Back 93

glucose, water, ions
via glucose transporter, aquaporin, and ion channels

Front 94

glucose transport across membrane is simple/facilitated and involves what protein

Back 94

facilitated (at least in this case) with GLUT1 protein

Front 95

carrier proteins are involved in facilitated/active transport and are also known as __________, and two examples are _ and ___

Back 95

facilitated and active
permeases
glucose transporter, and anion exchange protein

Front 96

carrier proteins follow linear/michaelis menton kinetics, are specific for metabolite, and can either be uniport or coupled transport

Back 96

follow enzyme- michaelis menton kinetics

Front 97

porin and aquaporin are types of ____ proteins

Back 97

channel

Front 98

glucose transporter is a uniport/coupled transport mechanism

Back 98

uniport

Front 99

anion exchange program is uniport/antiport/symport mechanism?

Back 99

antiport

Front 100

channel proteins including ion channels, porins and aquaporins are specific/nonspecific for metabolites they let pass through

Back 100

specific, except for porins

Front 101

porins are ______ proteins found on the outer ________ membrane, in addition to the membranes of _______ and ________ (2 organelles and one domain)

passes metabolites smaller than ______ Daltons

Back 101

channel proteins
mitochondrial
chloroplasts and bacteria

smaller than 5000 daltons

Front 102

functions of active transport (3)

Back 102

uptake nutrients, secrete waste, maintain non equilibrium ion concentrations

Front 103

T/F uniport symport and antiport can all three be either diffusion(simple or facilitated) or active transport

Back 103

True

Front 104

P-Type ATPase
P stands for what
give example

Back 104

phosphorylated intermediate
Na/K ATPase

Front 105

V-Type ATPase
V stands for what, what does it do
where found

Back 105

vacuole
proton pump in organelles such as vacuoles lysosomes and Golgi complex

Front 106

F-Type ATPase
what does F stand for... whats special about it
found in what

Back 106

F for flexible- bi-directional can pump protons using ATP or leak protons making ATP
found in bacteria, mitochondria, chloroplasts

Front 107

ABC Type ATPase
whats special about it

Back 107

can transport a variety of solutes, not just cations like the other ATPases

Front 108

what factors affect rate of diffusion across the bilayer?
which travel fastest

Back 108

size, polarity, charge
small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules diffuse the fastest

Front 109

Na/Glucose symporter, glucose transported up/down concentration gradient driven by Na ion (in same/different direction) up/down a Na concentration gradient

Back 109

Na/Glucose symporter, glucose transported up concentration gradient driven by Na ion (in same direction) down a Na concentration gradient

Front 110

halobacteria use _____ energy to pump protons, instead of ATP

Back 110

light

Front 111

for what factors are ion channels specific for a certain ion

Back 111

size of channel and binding of ion

Front 112

what type of active transport involves a phosphorylated intermediate?

Back 112

direct active transport by P-type ATPases

Front 113

Na/Glucose symporter, glucose transported up/down concentration gradient driven by Na ion (in same/different direction) up/down a Na concentration gradient

Back 113

Na/Glucose symporter, glucose transported up concentration gradient driven by Na ion (in same direction) down a Na concentration gradient

Front 114

halobacteria use _____ energy to pump protons, instead of ATP

Back 114

light

Front 115

for what factors are ion channels specific for a certain ion

Back 115

size of channel and binding of ion

Front 116

what type of active transport involves a phosphorylated intermediate?

Back 116

direct active transport by P-type ATPases