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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Apoptosome |
A molecule that facilitates Apoptosis (programmed cell death). Cytochrome C (Pink) binds to the protein Apaf-1 (shown in blue and magenta), causing it to assemble into a seven-fold ring. The caspases are then activated by binding to a ring of CARD domains (magenta) on the assembled apoptosome. |
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p53 Tumor Suppressor (Part 1) |
Guardian of the Cell DNA - binding domain |
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p53 Tumor Suppressor (Part 2) |
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Cell Types |
Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
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Cell Theory History - Robert Hook |
1665 - Built first microscope Coined the term Cellulae - Cell (observed thin slices or cork) |
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Cell Theory History - Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek |
Developed superior lens - living cells - blood, sperm and single-celled organisms. |
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Cell Theory History - 1700 AD to until 1825 AD |
Unproductive time period |
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Cell Theory History - 1830 |
Improved lenses with better magnification were invented - resolution improved. |
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Cell Theory History - Robert Brown |
Coined the term Nucleus. |
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Cell Theory History - Schwann |
Animal cartilage cells - fundamental similarities. |
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Cell Theory History - Schleiden |
Plant Cells |
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The Cell Theory (Part 1) |
Cell Theory proposed by Theodore Schwann and Rudolf Virchow: 1. All organisms consists of one or more cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure.
3. All cells arise only from the preexisting cells
Cell is the basic unit of structure and reproduction for all organisms |
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Cell Theory (Part 2) |
Cells have the characteristics of life: –Order –Regulation (internal) –Growth & development –Energy utilization –Response to environment –Reproduction –Evolution (O.R.G.E.R.R.E.) |
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The Branches of Cell Biology |
Cytology Biochemistry Genetics |
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Cytology |
One of three branches of Cell Biology.
(cyto-means cell) –cell structures and cytological events/activity. |
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Biochemistry |
Once of three branches of Cell Biology. Understanding of cellular functions. |
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Genetics |
One of three branches of Cell Biology Genetic information, DNA, Genes, Genomes. |
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Cell Biology Timeline |
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Micrometer (Visual) |
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Cell Biology - Units of Measurement (Part 1) |
Micrometer (μm) – Micron – One millionth of a meter – 10^-6
Bacterial cells – Few microns
Plant and animal cells – 10 to 20 times larger |
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Cell Biology- Units of Measurement (Part 2) |
The Nanometer (nm) – the unit of choice for molecules and subcellular structures. Too small for light microscopes.
nm – One billionth of a meter (10-9m) 1000 nm = 1 μm μm - One-millionth of a meter (10-6m) |
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Cell Biology- Units of Measurement (Part 3) |
Molecular dimensions of macromolecules also measured in... • Angstrom –(Å) – (10-10m) or 0.1 nm |
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Nanometer (Visual) |
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Resolution Comparison (Part 1) |
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Resolution Comparison (Part 2) |
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Microscopes |
(Lowest to highest resolution) - Light - Phase Contrast - Differential interference Contrast - Fluorescence - Confocal - Electron |
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Light Microscope (lowest/simplest) |
Good to view membrane bound structures or organelles. e.g. Nuclei, mitochondria, chloroplast. |
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Phase-Contrast & Differential Interference Contrast Microscopes |
Based on refractive index - Amplify and enhance changes in the phase of transmitted light |
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Fluorescence Microscopy |
Coupling of proteins to fluorescent dyes. Light emitted throughout the specimens only. –Two or more dyes. - Two or more macromolecules. – Protein, RNA, DNA. |
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Confocal Scanning |
Laser beam illuminate a single plane of the specimen. |
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Digital Video Microscopy |
Video cameras and computers – Image intesification. |
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The first microscopes.... |
The first microscopes were simple, consisting of a single lens (one magnifying lens). |
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Compound Microscopes (Part 1) |
- Two magnifying lenses. - A source of light. - Condenser (Lens that focuses the rays of light to a single point on the object). - Works by passing visible light through a specimen. |
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Key Characteristics Compound Microscopes |
Magnification - ability to make a sample appear larger than it actually is in real life. Resolving Power - a measure of how close two things can be to each other before they appear as one. |
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Resolving Power |
Distinguishing magnified objects clearly.
- the ability to distinguish 2 adjacent points from one another - the human eye can separate 2 objects that are no closer than 2 mm apart.
With the highest power, the maximum revolving power of the light microscope is 2μm. |
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Microscope Magnification |
Two Lenses - Objective lens (4X - 100X) - Ocular lens (usually X10) Total Magnification = (objective×ocular) (e.g., 10X times 40X = 400X magnification) |
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Electron Microscope |
Base on refractive index. Amplify and enhance changes in the phase of transmitted light. Various techniques •Negative staining •Gold Shadowing •Freeze fracturing •Freeze itching |
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Two Types of Electron Microscopes |
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) - 3D views of subjects surface
Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) - views internal structure of thinly sliced subjects.
-Ultramicrotome - tool used to slice subjects incredibly thin (20-100 nm) |
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Sample of SEM image |
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Sample of TEM image |
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Sample of Brightfield (Unstained) image |
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Sample of Brightfield (Stained) image |
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Sample of Fluorescence image |
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Sample of Phase Contrast image |
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Sample of Differential Interference Contrast Image |
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Sample of Confocal Image |
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Biochemistry - Friedrich Wöhler, 1828 |
German Chemist who synthesized Urea, a biochemical substance, from inorganic molecules.
Nonliving vs Living World |
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Biochemistry - Louis Pasteur |
Activity of living organism connected to certain biological processes.
- fermentation of sugar into alcohol by living yeast cells. |
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Biochemistry - Eduardo and Hans Buchner |
Biological process (fermentation) can take place in exact in vitro. |
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How to identify metabolic pathways. |
Characterization of metabolic pathways occurs via the use of radioactive isotopes.
- H³, C¹⁴, P³², etc. |
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Centrifugation |
Analytical technique to isolate subcellular structures and macromolecules.
–Density gradient centrifugation. –Differential centrifugation. |
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Chromatography |
Isolation and purification of subcellular on the basis of size, charge, and affinity of specific molecules and functional groups. |
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Electrophoresis |
Electric field - separation of molecule based on mobility.
–Depends on charge and size.
•Proteins – Polyacrylamide •DNA and RNA – Agarose and Polyacrylamide |
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Mass Spectrometry |
Identifies the identity of proteins. Dependant of the mass of the fragments of the molecule. |
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Genetics - Gregor Mendel 1866 |
Principles of segregation and independent assortment of Hereditary factors or Genes. |
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Genetics - Walther Flemming, 1880. |
Identified chromosomes. & Cell Division or Cell Mitosis |
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Who revisited Mendel's studies? |
Hugo De Vries, Ernest Von Tschermak, and Carl Correns. |
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Genetics - Johanne Friedrich Miescher, 1869. |
Nuclein from Pus and Salmon sperm. |
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Genetics - Walter Sutton |
Chromosome theory of heredity. |
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Genetics - Oswald Avery, MacLeod, McCarty, 1944 |
DNA - Genetic material. |
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Genetics - Beadle and Tatum |
Studies in Neurospora “One gene-one Enzyme”. |
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Genetics - Watson and Crick, 1953 |
Double Helix structure of DNA. |
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Contemporary Branches of Genetics |
•Recombinant DNA •DNA sequencing •Bioinformatics •Genomics •Proteomics •Metabalomics |
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The Physical Science Strand |
Assists in determining the biophysical properties of biological molecules and reactions! |
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Hypothesis |
Most tentative but testable. |
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Theory |
Critical evaluation of hypothesis using a variety of approaches. |
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Law |
Thoroughly tested and proven hypothesis. |
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Scientific Method Visual |
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