Carbohydrate Metabolism

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is the universal fuel of human cells.

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Glucose

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Every cell types in the human body is able to generate

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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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the pathway in which glucose is oxidized and cleaved to form .

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pyruvate.

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is the major sugar in our diet and the sugar circulates in the blood to ensure that all cells have a continous fuel supply.

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Glucose

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uses glucose almost exclusively as fuel.

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Brain

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It is complex reaction due to it is used in other metabolic processes in the cell

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Metabolic intermediates

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helps the cell to handle metabolic energy efficiently

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Multiple step pathway

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- Demonstrated that blood sugar levels

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Claude Bernard

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Claude Bernard demonstrated that blood sugar levels vary in the different area of the circulation in?

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Portal Blood -

Hepatic Vein -

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Higher blood sugar level in demonstration of claude bernard in circilation

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Hepatic vein

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Lower blood sugar level in demonstration of claude bernard in circulation

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Portal vein

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How many percent of food ingested is complex carbohydrates?

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60%

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fragmented into simple monosacccharides

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Starch and Glycogen

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- no digestive enzymes for humans

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Cellulose and Pentosans

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bacterial enzyme that acts on cellulose , however, nutritive value is insignificant

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Cellulase

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- acted upon by bacteria to produce organic acids , alcohols and carbon dioxide.

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Pentosans

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Mainly occurs in the SI carried to the portal vein to the liver

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Absorbtion

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Rate of absorption :

Glucose -

Galactose -

Fructose -

Mannose -

Pentose

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Glucose -100%

Galactose - 110%

Fructose - 43%

Mannose - 19%

Pentose - 9-5%

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actively absorbed and transported across the cell membrane by an energy dependent mechanism

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Glucose and Galactose

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inhibitory to glucose absorption

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K AND Li

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- Absorbed by facilitated transport.

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D-fructose and D-mannose

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- Passively absorbed by simple diffusion

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Pentose

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Galactose decreases the absorption orate of? 2 possible answers

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Galactose and xylose

Glucose but no effect on xylose

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structurally similar to glucose

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Phlorhizin

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Phlorhizin (structurally similar to glucose) inhibits glucose transport and Causes?

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phlorhizin glycosuria

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Ehat vitamins that affect the absorbtion of CHO?

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Thyroxine and the B complex

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vitamins promote absorption of hexoses

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: (Thiamine , Pyridoxine , Pantothenic Acid)

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- Increased sugar levels in the blood

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Hyperglycemia

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,Result when the liver cannot completely clear the CHO from the blood and it goes to the systemic circulation

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Hyperglycemia

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Capacity of a person to dispose off administered glucose

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Glucose tolerance test

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Glucose tolerance tolerance

Dose:

Administration:

Results:

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Dose: 1 g glucose/kg body weight

Administration: orally or intravenously

Results: Glucose level will rise from 90 to 140mg% in one hour

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passageof carbohydrates (and lipids) in intestinal mucosal cells is inhibited

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SPRUE

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CHO malabsorption/disaccharide intolerance

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- Lactose intolerance/ lactase deficiency syndrome

- Sucrose intolerance

- a-dextrinase deficiency (infants and children)

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Incomplete digestion of amylopectin, maltose,sucrose

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a-dextrinasedeficiency

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lactose leads to bacterial decomposition in the LARGE INTESTINE

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- Lactose intolerance/ lactase deficiency

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blood glucose ranges

NV =

FBS =

Postprandial =

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NV = 80 – 100 mg%

FBS = 70– 100 mg%

Postprandial = 130– 160 mg%

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it is system is dependent on normalvalues blood glucose

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Cranial nervous system

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isthe major energy source that crosses the blood-brain barrier

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Glucose

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Ifglucose falls to 25 mg%

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>Person becomes stuporous

>After 10 minutes = coma

>Irreversible after 30 minutes

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Themuscle can derive energy from

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ketonebodies

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The ______ take up fatty acids and lactic acid fromblood and use as source of energy

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myocardium

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isinsensitive to fluctuations of blood sugar levels

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Theheart

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keeps blood sugar levels

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Physiologicaland Hormonal mechanisms

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Physiological and hormonalmechanisms keeps blood sugarlevels at what mg%

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60%

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Physiological Factors that lower blood glucose levels

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1. Glycogenesis

2. Glycolysis

3. Lipogenesis –

4. Formation of certain amino acids

5. Glucosuria –

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transformation of glucose intoglycogen

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Glycogenesis –

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utilization of glucose for heat and energy

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Glycolysis –

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– conversion of glucose to fats

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Lipogenesis

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excretion of glucose in the urine

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Glucosuria –

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Insulin- Hormone secreted by ____ of islets of _______ in the _______.

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Insulin- Hormone secreted by B-cells of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas

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hypoglycemic effect by;

o Increasing ________

o Decreasing _________

o Increasing _________

o Promoting _________

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o Increasing glycogenesis

o Decreasing gluconeogenesis

o Increasing glucose utilization by tissues

o Promoting lipogenesis

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less phosphorylation

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Deficient insulin

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Glucoseremains in the blood producing

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hyperglycemia

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Ifits concentration exceeds the renal threshold, what will happen ?

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it will excreted in the urine

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To cover energy requirements: (during a hypoglycemic state)

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Gluconeogenesis

Lipolysis

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Production of glucose from non-carbohydratesources like proteins

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Gluconeogenesis

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- Breakdown of fats

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lipolysis

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in lipolysis patient will loss how many glucose per day ?

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100-200g of glucose

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complication of lipolysis

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o Renal excretion of acetoacetic acid and B-hydroxybutyric acid in the form of Na salts

o The blood is depleted of Na producing acidosis

o Large quantity of fluid is lost = dehydration